Correlation of the incidence of cocaine and cocaethylene in hair and postmortem biologic samples

Hair samples are useful as a matrix for drug testing because drugs can be detected in hair for longer periods than in blood or urine. The authors report a prospective comparison of the detection of cocaine and cocaethylene in routine postmortem biologic specimens to the detection of cocaine and cocaethylene in hair. The authors collected hair samples from various areas of the head in 53 autopsy cases, prepared them, and analyzed them by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for cocaine and cocaethylene. The authors compared the results of hair analysis with the results of toxicologic analysis performed on routine postmortem samples by enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique and GC/MS. Cocaine was found in either biologic fluids or in hair in 16 of 53 samples tested. Nine samples were positive for cocaine in both biologic fluids and hair. Five samples contained cocaine only in biologic fluids, and two contained cocaine only in hair. Cocaethylene was present in two cases. Drug screening of hair provides additional information in some autopsy cases, but the authors have not made hair analysis a routine practice. It may prove useful to save hair samples in all cases for later analysis if warranted by additional history or autopsy findings.     

Homicide in Alabama: an analysis of urban, suburban and rural murders in the Deep South

Eleven hundred forty-four (1144) homicides occurring in Alabama, U.S.A. during a 2-year period are presented and analyzed according to the demographic parameters of the victims, location in urban, suburban, or rural community, type of homicide based on a medical examiner's classification, presence of drugs, weapon employed and other factors. Urban dwellers, Blacks and males are found to be at high risk. Alcohol is much more prevalent than other drugs in homicide victims. Although the handgun is the weapon most commonly used throughout the state, in the rural regions the longgun is used almost as often. The difficulty of making valid comparisons with other homicide studies is discussed and the establishment of a uniform classification of homicides urged.     

Structure and Function: Impact on Employment of Women in Law Enforcement

Although women experienced a marked increase in representation as full-time sworn law enforcement officers during the 1980s and 1990s, growth has slowed in recent years and women continue to be underrepresented in the profession. Employing multiple waves of Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics data, this study describes trends in representation of women in policing and explores their continued lack of representation to determine whether organizational variables (structure and function) work to support a hegemonic masculinity and whether those structures are malleable over time. Results from a series of ordinary least squares regression models indicate several structural impediments to women in policing, but these are not consistent barriers.