Evolutionary dynamics in the voting game

Voter participation is immense but theoretically doubtful because there exists cost of voting and the probability of casting the deciding ballot is low. Game theoretic models (Palfrey and Rosenthal, 1985) confirm this paradox of voting. Individual optimization in the voting game is problematic with respect to the rationality and information requirements of traditional game theory. Therefore in this paper a non-optimizing but learning individual is considered. By individual learning the adjustment processes and equilibria of voter turnout are determined. Voters are able to learn to participate and substantial voter turnout is possible.     

From Maltreatment to Delinquency: Service Trajectories After a First Intervention of Child Protection Services

The relationship between maltreatment in childhood and delinquency in adolescence is recognized. However, the data available do not reveal what proportion of children under the supervision of child protection services (CPS) later transfer to youth legal services, nor the sequence of services provided by these two systems. This study sketches a preliminary portrait of Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) incidence among Quebec children and adolescents as a consequence of a first crime after initial CPS case closure (N = 14,252). It quantifies the scope of the phenomenon and identifies the best predictors of YCJA incidence from among the administrative data available. Survival analysis revealed a 15.4% YCJA incidence for the entire cohort in the five and a half years following termination of initial intervention; boys between 12 and 17 years old when their initial CPS cases were closed were at the greatest risk (27.2%).     

What the design of an R&;D tax incentive tells about its effectiveness: a simulation of R&;D tax incentives in the European Union

Most industrialized countries apply special tax incentives to boost the R&D expenditures of firms. This study considers the design of such R&D tax incentives as applied in the European Union and simulates its effect on the post-tax R&D expenditures of firms in different industries and different profit/loss-situations by means of the simulation model European Tax Analyzer. Any restrictions and progressive tax incentives are explicitly taken into account. Our results indicate that for designing and measuring public support to R&D it is often not sufficient to focus only on tax rate effects of R&D tax incentives and the design of a tax incentive must be in accordance with the framing tax system in order to be effective. As soon as there are any limitations in place, our results suggest a considerably lower impact of R&D tax incentives on the post-tax R&D expenditures than the commonly used B-Index by the OECD. The results clearly illustrate the beneficial impact of immediate cash refunds for unused tax incentives.     

Heribert Adam, Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, Kogila Moodley: Comrades in Business. Post-Liberation Politics in South Africa st]Utrecht: International Books 1998, 240 S., US $ 25,-

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

International Criminal Justice Between Scylla and Charybdis—the “Peace Versus Justice” Dilemma Analysed Through the Lenses of Judith Shklar’s and Hannah Arendt’s Legal and Political Theories

The present article discusses the “peace versus justice” dilemma in international criminal justice through the lenses of the respective legal (and political) theories of Judith Shklar and Hannah Arendt—two thinkers who have recently been described as theorists of international criminal law. The article claims that in interventions carried out by the International Criminal Court (ICC), there is an ever-present potentiality for the “peace versus justice” dilemma to occur. Unfortunately, there is no abstract solution to this problem, insofar as ICC interventions will in some cases be conducive while in others, they will be deleterious to peace. If a tension between peace and justice arises in a particular case, the article asserts, the former must be prioritised over the latter. Such a prioritisation, however, requires a vision of the ICC as a flexible actor of world politics which is situated at the intersection of law, ethics and politics, rather than a strictly legalistic view of the court. Ultimately, then, the present article seeks to probe whether the legal and political theories of Shklar and Arendt—in isolation, but ultimately also in combination—support such a flexible vision of the ICC.     

Expatriates as voters? The new dynamics of external voting in Sub-Saharan Africa

Expatriate voting has gained in importance over the last decade in Sub-Saharan Africa. This article gives an empirical overview of existing regulations in all independent states of the continent and examines some explanatory approaches in the African context. One approach claims that expatriate enfranchisement is a functional response to the increasing importance of migrants and their remittances. A second explanation refers to the role of domestic political structures and regime types. A third cluster of explanatory factors links external voting to the interests of political parties. Both in the broader comparative analysis and by looking more specifically at the cases of Ghana, South Africa, Cape Verde and Nigeria, all three approaches specifically contribute to understanding variation of external voting rights in Sub-Saharan Africa.     

Under the analphabête series

Theatre

Speech (The Predicament of Three Women in the Nuclear Age), written and directed by Avram Patt, Theatre for the New York City, October 1983, New York City

Fen, by Caryl Churchill directed by Les Waters, London Joint Stock Theatre Group's production presented by Joseph Paff at the Public Theatre, New York City

Top Girls, by Caryl Churchill, directed by Max Stafford‐Clark, Royal Theatre Court production presented by Joseph Papp at The Public Theatre, New York City

Sophie, by comedienne Judy Sloan, October 1983, at the Gay Women's Alternative, New York City.

Awake Sleeping Heart, a collage for five women based on the life, journals and paintings of the Mexican artist Fri‐da Kahlo, conceived and directed by Emma Missouri, October 1983, Northampton, Massachusetts

Antigone Too: Rites of Love and Defiance, written and directed by Martha Boesing for At the Foot of the Mountain, August 1983, at the People's Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo, by Dario Fo and Franca Rame, performed by Estelle Parsons at the Public Theatre, New York City, Fall 1983.

Dance

Celebration of Traditional Cultures, La Mama Annex, November 11–13, 1983.

History, An American Dream, by Anne Bogart, St. Mark's Church, October, 1983.

Vamot A Andar (Let's Get Going), Wallflower Order and Grupo Raiz, October, 1983, Symphony Space, New York City

Testimonies, New York City Political Dancers, Merce Cunningham Dance Studio, August 1983.

Set and Reset, Trisha Brown and Company, Brooklyn Academy of Music, October 1983.

Books

The Amazing Decade: Women and Performance Art in America 1970–1980, edited by Moira Roth. Los Angeles: Astro Ariz, 1983. 149 pp., bibliographies. Cloth: $25.00; paper: $12.50

Woman and Spirituality by Carol Ochs. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld, 1983. 144 pp., notes, bibliography, index. Cloth: $16.95

Women In Music: An Anthology of Source Readings from the Middle Ages to the Present, edited by Carol Neuls‐Bates. New York: Harper &; Row, 1982. 332 pp., selected bibliography, index, illustrations. Cloth: $18.50

American Women Composers Before 1870 by Judith Tick. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1983. 233 pp., appendix, notes, bibliography, index. Cloth: $44.95

Louise Farrenc, 1840–1875 by Bea Friedland. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1980. 177 pp., appendices, notes, bibliography, index. Cloth: $49.95

Mourning Dress: A Costume and Social History by Lou Taylor, Boston: Allen &; Unwin, 1983. 287 pp., appendices, chapter notes, select bibliography, index. Cloth: $24.50

Listings     

Framing and reframing R2P—a responsibility to protect humanity from evil

ABSTRACT

This article takes issue with de-politicised and moralistic conceptions of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and, inspired by the political theory of Hannah Arendt, develops a ‘re-politicised’ and ‘de-moralised’ account of R2P. It argues that by relying on a link between a moral responsibility to ‘save strangers’ and practical political action, R2P turns a blind eye to the political interest of powerful actors. And by trying to transform R2P into a ‘blueprint’, ‘roadmap’ or ‘emergency plan’ for political action, many commentators try to render obsolete political deliberation and practical judgement on a case-by-case basis. The present article argues that it is necessary to develop a more realistic view of R2P’s role and potential in world politics. R2P, it is argued, has an important discursive function and considerable potential to influence and guide international decision-making processes. Drawing on Arendt’s conception of ‘evil’ as a crime against humanity itself, this article reframes R2P as a ‘responsibility to protect humanity from evil’. An Arendtian understanding of mass atrocities as crimes against our common humanity (i.e. as evils) facilitates the development of a re-politicised and de-moralised account of R2P: This account recognises its discursive role, it actively seeks to generate political interest for action in the face of harrowing mass atrocities but also acts as a leash on intervention in less severe cases.

Abbreviation R2P: Responsibility to Protect; UN: United Nations; NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation; ICISS: International Committee on Intervention and State Sovereignty