复方守宫散辅助治疗晚期结直肠恶性肿瘤的疗效观察

目的 基于倾向性评分匹配法探讨复方守宫散辅助治疗晚期结直肠恶性肿瘤的疗效。方法 采用倾向性评分匹配法,将匹配成功的70例患者分为对照组（化学治疗）和观察组（复方守宫散联合化学治疗）,每组35例;比较两组患者瘤体客观疗效［客观缓解率（objective response rate,ORR）,疾病控制率（disease control rate,DCR）］、生活质量评分、免疫功能指标、安全性指标,并对生存期进行分析。结果 观察组ORR、DCR优于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组患者治疗后功能维度（躯体功能、角色功能、情绪功能、认知功能、社会功能）,症状领域（疲劳、疼痛、恶心呕吐）评分改善程度显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组患者血清CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、自然杀伤细胞水平,CD4+/CD8+均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗组患者总不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组的中位无进展生存期显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,中位总生存期高于对照组（P＞0.05）。结论 相较于单纯化学治疗,复方守宫散与化学治疗联合应用能显著提高疗效,增强机体免疫力,改善晚期结直肠癌患者生活质量,降低化学治疗的毒性及不良反应,在一定程度上延长患者生存时间。     

实验性雏鸡铜中毒的病理学研究

选用1日龄艾维茵肉鸡180只随机分为3组,分别以对照日粮(Cu 11.97 mg/kg)、铜中毒Ⅰ组日粮(Cu 650 mg/kg)和铜中毒Ⅱ组日粮(Cu 850 mg/kg)饲喂6周,以实验病理学方法系统研究了铜中毒对雏鸡组织器官和某些血液指标的影响。2个铜中毒组在试验的第2、3周先后出现临床症状;铜中毒Ⅱ组雏鸡的发病率和死亡率高于铜中毒Ⅰ组。病理形态学观察,2个铜中毒组的病变基本一致,表现为肌胃角质层增厚、龟裂,肠绒毛裸露断裂,伴有坏死;肝细胞脂肪变性;肾小管上皮细胞变性,坏死脱落;淋巴免疫器官体积缩小、重量减轻、淋巴细胞数量减少。2个铜中毒组雏鸡血清谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著升高,红细胞数量、血红蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。表明,雏鸡在生长发育的2~6周对高剂量铜较为敏感,毒性损坏的靶器官是肝、肾、胃肠道和淋巴免疫器官,铜中毒导致雏鸡组织器官受损、功能障碍及免疫功能低下,最终导致发病、死亡。     

REASSESSING RACE DISPARITIES IN MARYLAND CAPITAL CASES*

A generation of research studies that were conducted in multiple states and covered different time periods has found evidence that individuals who kill white victims encounter a greater risk of facing the death penalty than killers of black victims. More recently, research has also examined the likelihood of death penalty processing for black defendants who kill white victims in comparison with other defendant–victim race groups. In particular, a study in Maryland conducted by Paternoster et al. (2003) found evidence that offenders in black defendant–white victim cases were more likely to be death noticed by prosecutors and to receive a death sentence than other offenders. A recent analysis by Berk, Li, and Hickman (2005) raised questions about some of these findings. In this article, we conduct new analyses and conclude that black defendants who kill white victims face a greater risk of adverse treatment than other types of defendants.     

THE CONTEXT OF MARRIAGE AND CRIME: GENDER,THE PROPENSITY TO MARRY,AND OFFENDING IN EARLY ADULTHOOD*

Marriage is central to theoretical debates over stability and change in criminal offending over the life course. Yet, unlike other social ties such as employment, marriage is distinct in that it cannot be randomly assigned in survey research to more definitively assess causal effects of marriage on offending. As a result, key questions remain as to whether different individual propensities toward marriage shape its salience as a deterrent institution. Building on these issues, the current research has three objectives. First, we use a propensity score matching approach to estimate causal effects of marriage on crime in early adulthood. Second, we assess sex differences in the effects of marriage on offending. Although both marriage and offending are highly gendered phenomena, prior work typically focuses on males. Third, we examine whether one's propensity to marry conditions the deterrent capacity of marriage. Results show that marriage suppresses offending for males, even when accounting for their likelihood to marry. Furthermore, males who are least likely to marry seem to benefit most from this institution. The influence of marriage on crime is less robust for females, where marriage reduces crime only for those with moderate propensities to marry. We discuss these findings in the context of recent debates concerning gender, criminal offending, and the life course.     

The Impact of Federal Prison Industries Employment on the Recidivism Outcomes of Female Inmates

Female offenders face many barriers to employment, including a lack of education and work experience. Correctional work programs offer skills training and exposure to work routines and norms, yet there is scant research on whether these programs can increase a woman's employability, and thus reduce recidivism, upon release. This longitudinal study examines whether employment in the federal prison industries program, UNICOR, reduces recidivism among a large sample of female inmates. Propensity scores are utilized to control for selection bias. This study finds no significant differences in rearrest or recommitment to federal prison between inmates employed in UNICOR and those who were not. Length of UNICOR employment is also not shown to have an effect on recidivism. The gender-specific needs of female offenders must be taken into account when developing correctional programming as factors other than employment may be more salient to a woman's ability to desist from crime.     

Experimental results on data analysis algorithms for extracting and interpreting edge feature data for duct tape and textile physical fit examinations

A physical fit is an important observation that can result from the forensic analysis of trace evidence as it conveys a high degree of association between two items. However, physical fit examinations can be time-consuming, and potential bias from analysts may affect judgment. To overcome these shortcomings, a data analysis algorithm using mutual information and a decision tree has been developed to support practitioners in interpreting the evidence. We created these tools using data obtained from physical fit examinations of duct tape and textiles analyzed in previous studies, along with the reasoning behind the analysts' decisions. The relative feature importance is described by material type, enhancing the knowledge base in this field. Compared with the human analysis, the algorithms provided accuracies above 90%, with an improved rate of true positives for most duct tape subsets. Conversely, false positives were observed in high-quality scissor cut (HQ-HT-S) duct tape and textiles. As such, it is advised to use these algorithms in tandem with human analysis. Furthermore, the study evaluated the accuracy of physical fits when only partial sample lengths are available. The results of this investigation indicated that acceptable accuracies for correctly identifying true fits and non-fits occurred when at least 35% of a sample length was present. However, lower accuracies were observed for samples prone to stretching or distortion. Therefore, the models described here can provide a valuable supplementary tool but should not be the sole means of evaluating samples.     

Evaluating the Role of Race in Sentencing: An Entropy Weighting Analysis

The current study builds on prior research examining racial disparities in sentencing. Entropy weighting is introduced as a new method for estimating racial disparities that has several advantages over traditionally used methods. Entropy weighting is compared to regression and propensity score methods in estimating Black-White disparities in incarceration sentences. Although all methods find non-significant racial disparities in incarceration sentences, regression and propensity score methods underestimate disparities in incarceration sentence lengths. Entropy weighting provides comparable estimates to propensity score methods, but assures that the samples are identical on all covariates aside from race. The method offers researchers a useful and flexible approach for estimating racial disparities in criminal justice, and its use may lead to alternative conclusions about the size and presence of racial disparities in sentencing.     

多类别养老保险对居民家庭消费影响的对比研究

在老龄化不断加深、居民消费率增长缓慢、消费需求日益多元化的背景下,研究不同类别养老保险对居民家庭消费水平和消费结构的影响日益重要。采用CGSS(2015)调查数据,使用倾向值匹配(PSM)回归模型,分析不同类别养老保险对居民家庭消费水平和消费结构的影响及内在机制,研究发现:参加基本养老保险和商业性养老保险均会显著增加居民家庭总消费、生存性消费和发展性消费,基本养老保险和商业性养老保险对发展性消费的增加效应均大于生存性消费;参加商业性养老保险对居民家庭总消费、生存性消费和发展性消费的增加效应大于基本养老保险;养老保险影响居民家庭消费的核心机制是居民的总收入以及再分配偏好。为拉动居民消费,应把第三支柱的个人养老金缴费纳入个人所得税专项或专项附加扣除;提高基础养老金的水平,进一步落实养老金水平的动态调整机制。     

清热化湿中药保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎疗效观察

目的 观察中药保留灌肠对溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis，UC）的疗效。方法 将60例轻中度UC患者随机分为观察组和对照组，每组30例。对照组采用美沙拉秦栓塞肛，观察组采用中药保留灌肠，治疗时间为8周。评价两组临床疗效，比较两组治疗前、治疗4周末、治疗8周末的疾病活动指数（disease activity index，DAI）、Baron内镜评分和Geboes指数，采用中文版炎症性肠病生存质量问卷（inflammatory bowel disease quality questionnaire，IBDQ）评价两组患者治疗前后的生存质量，观察两组恶心、腹胀、腹痛、便次增多等不良反应的发生。结果 观察组临床总有效率（93.3%）高于对照组（73.3%），但两组临床疗效分布比较，差异无统计学意义（Z=－1.902，P=0.057）。治疗4周末、8周末两组DAI评分均显著降低（P＜0.05），且观察组显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。广义估计方程分析结果显示，对照组与观察组比较，Baron内镜评分和Geboes指数的优势比（odds ratio，OR）分别为2.12、2.30；治疗8周末与治疗4周末、治疗前比较，Baron内镜评分的OR值分别为63.66、6.50，Geboes指数的OR值分别为33.57、9.45。两组治疗后生存质量评分与治疗前相比，肠道症状、情感能力、社会能力、全身症状4个维度上得分均显著提高，且观察组4个维度评分升高值均显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗期间，对照组共15例患者出现恶心、腹痛、腹胀、大便次数增多，观察组共5例患者出现恶心、腹痛、大便次数增多，观察组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 中药保留灌肠能有效治疗UC，降低疾病活动指数，改善内镜评分，提高生存质量。     

鹅艾美球虫致病性的研究

按每只鹅3×104和0.5×104个孢子化卵囊的剂量感染18日龄天山白鹅,以临床症状、肉眼病变、病理组织学变化、平均增重、病变记分和死亡率为观察指标,对鹅艾美球虫(Eimeria an-seris)的致病性进行了研究。结果显示,不同剂量感染引起的临床症状和各病死鹅的肉眼病变基本相似。各感染组的平均增重与对照组均差异显著(P<0.05)。各感染组平均病变记分与未感染对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);感染相同剂量组之间的平均病变记分差异不显著(P>0.05),感染不同剂量组之间的平均病变记分差异显著(P<0.05)。不同感染剂量组均发生死亡,死亡率分别为10%~30%和60%~90%。结果表明,E.anseris具有极强的致病性。