我国“以房养老“模式的法律分析

“以房养老”模式是帮助老年人在不出售房屋的前提下将房产套现,以现金保障老年生活的模式设计。基于我国房地产市场发展不充分和社会养老保障体系不健全的现实状况,文章认为我国引入“以房养老”模式只是时间的问题。文章对大陆法系由来已久的让与担保理论进行分析,提出我国“以房养老”模式的法律框架,从而形成符合我国实际的有效法律制度。     

第三人撤销之诉的解释适用——以新《民事诉讼法》第56条的适用为视角

为遏制司法实践中频现的恶意诉讼、虚假诉讼,对遭受此类诉讼侵害的案外第三人提供有效的权利救济,新修订的《民事诉讼法》第56条第三款增加了第三人撤销之诉制度。该制度是立法者在追求司法的权威性、法律秩序的稳定性与追求实质正义的价值理念上博弈的成果。从第三人撤销之诉的立法渊源、内涵来看,对该制度在适用中应该予以限制,并且从我国新《民事诉讼法》第56条的解释适用方面出发,应当建立并完善该制度实施的程序设计及相关的配套措施,为实践提供借鉴。     

我国开征环境保护税的基本构思

生态环境的日益恶化已严重制约我国经济的发展,运用税收手段保护环境、治理污染在我国已有20余年的历史,但现行税制中有关保护环境的税种不够完善,缺乏针对性。应借鉴发达国家环保税制的成功经验,设计我国环保税的基本框架,完善税制,充分发挥税收的宏观调控作用。     

A Strange Sort of Survival for Pinnel's Case: Collier v P & M J Wright (Holdings) Limited

This note discusses the decision of the Court of Appeal in Collier v P & M J Wright (Holdings) Limited , and notes that while the Court purports to uphold both the decision in Pinnel's Case and the effect of Re Selectmove , in fact, by an extension of promissory estoppel, it bypasses them.     

Unusual sources of Sn in GSR. An experimental study by SEM and IBA

Gunshot Residue (GSR) produced by the discharge of a firearm often provides very useful information in criminal investigations in cases involving the use of firearms. Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDS) is typically used worldwide to visualize micrometric particles constituting GSR and to analyse their elemental composition. The 2017 ASTM Standard guide for gunshot residue analysis by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy specifies that “Particles classified as characteristic of GSR will have one of the following elemental compositions: Lead, antimony, barium; Lead, barium, calcium, silicon, tin”. For the first time, the presence of an additional element, such as Sn, plays a key role in ASTM particle classification. It is known that some ammunitions, used for pistols, revolvers and rifles, contain tin foil discs for sealing the primer mixture into the cup, resulting in GSR particles containing Sn. The authors faced some cases in which Sn was unexpectedly found in GSR particles from a 0.22 Long Rifle derringer and from some 12 gauge shotguns. No tin foil discs are used in rimfire ammunitions and there is no published evidence of tin foil discs in shotshell ammunitions. Following a “case by case” approach, experimental research has been carried out to explain how Sn can be present in GSR particles when the last discharged cartridge also does not contain any Sn either in components and in the explosive charges.Moreover, the use of Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) showed the capability to overcome overlap ambiguity of Sb and Sn peaks in the X-ray spectra, being a possible key issue in real shooting cases if Sn quantities are below the lower limit of SEM detection, especially when Sb is also present.     

我国《公司法》修订中商事连带责任的重构——基于“连带”的历史发展脉络

我国《公司法》存在用连带责任替代连带之债、连带责任与无限责任、补充责任混同使用的现象,给理论与司法实践造成困扰。究其原因是对商事连带责任与民事连带责任的关系界定不清,对公司法中的商事连带责任制度缺乏体系化思考与精细化设计。连带之债起源于罗马法的整体之债,形成于中世纪注释法学的理论抽象,发展于近现代民法。近现代商法将法定原因连带责任引入商事规范,构建了商事连带责任制度。商事连带责任与民法连带之债共同具有给付与清偿的整体性特征,但商事连带责任也具有自身的商事特性。由于商事信义义务的道德标准高于民事诚信义务,商事法定连带责任相对于民事连带责任的适用范围更为广泛。基于商事领域的公司股东有限责任制度,商事连带责任可为有限连带也可为无限连带。我国《公司法》未来的修订应在我国《民法典》连带之债规定的基础上对商事连带责任进行体系化贯通,谨慎设定法定连带责任,厘清连带责任与无限责任的关系,对有限连带责任与无限连带责任、连带清偿责任与补充清偿责任进行细化区分。     

中德履责之诉适当性研究进路之比较

学界与实务界就履责之诉的适当性长期未能形成根本性共识。我国的履责之诉适当性的研究是从界定行为类型入手,而这一研究进路是导致我国关于履责之诉适当性争议不休的根源。从履责之诉的适当性的研究进路入手,分析德国关于履责之诉适当性的研究思路,借鉴德国的诉讼目标模式,将是解决争议的新思路。