有限责任公司股东优先购买权问题研究

有限责任公司股东优先购买权的法理基础在于期待权和有限责任公司的理论。股东优先购买权是一项法定权利 ,是股东基于股东资格而享有的请求权 ,其行使须依法定程序。股东优先购买权的效力及法律保护须考虑公司资本利益和股东有限责任原则的衡平以及如何防止股权转让自由的滥用。     

大陆、台湾刑法中保安处分制度比较研究

我国 1997年新刑法的颁布 ,标志着我国的刑事实体法又上了一个新的台阶。保安处分制度是现代西方刑法理论和刑法制度的重要组成部分。在刑法修改以前 ,是否应该将该制度引入我国的刑事立法体系 ,引起了我国学者的广泛讨论。本文通过对台湾刑法中的保安处分制度和大陆法律中类似于保安处分制度的保安性措施进行比较分析 ,旨在论证将保安处分制度引入我国大陆刑法的可行性。     

罚金刑在近代刑法中的确立——以1907年大清刑律草案的相关规定为视点

清末10年修律,首当其冲的就是刑事法律的改革。1907年10月,沈家本主持的修订法律馆上奏中国近代第一个刑法草案——大清刑律草案,在中国刑法史上第一次将罚金确定为五大主刑之一。从1908年到1910年,中央各部院堂官、地方各省督抚、将军都统陆续上奏对大清刑律草案的签注意见,其中涉及罚金的主要问题有:罚金定为主刑问题、罚金单位和等级问题、罚金易刑问题、罚金适用的过轻与过重问题、罚金与赔偿金的关系问题。回顾和分析罚金刑在中国近代刑法中的确立过程,将使我们在微观层次上对“会通中西”的法律变革原则有新的体悟,并有利于对近代“礼法之争”的再认识。     

Having the cake and eating it too: efficient penalty clauses in Common and Civil contract law

In this paper we examine one of the areas where there is a marked difference between Civil and Common contract law, that of the enforcement of liquidated damages and more particularly of penalty clauses. Common law judges are quite reluctant to enforce liquidated damages, especially if they believe that they include penalty clauses which are not enforceable. On the contrary, in almost all European contract laws liquidated damages are readily enforced, as are penalty clauses when they are not manifestly excessive. Although most law and economics scholars have criticized Common law courts for the non-enforcement of penalty clauses, there is a sizable minority of scholars who have defended the Common law “non-enforcement” policy on the ground that penalty clauses are inefficient because they hinder efficient breach. However, and despite the merits of the arguments advanced by advocates of the non-enforcement of penalty clauses, we believe that Common law’s rejection of penalty clauses is inefficient. We further show that the Civil law solution to the problem is not only comparatively more efficient, but that it can also appease the worries of those scholars who are afraid that efficient breaches will be deterred. The solution that Civil law systems give to the problem manages to enforce the parties’ wishes and to avoid deterring efficient breaches. However, we point out that in order for the Civil law systems to take advantage of this superiority, the interpretation of their Civil Codes should be guided by economic analysis and the respect to the wishes of the contracting parties.     

对海德格尔和列维纳斯死亡概念的比较分析

死亡是哲学的永恒主题。海德格尔将死亡定义为一种不可能的可能性。与此相反,列维纳斯将死亡界定为“可能性的不可能性”。海德格尔给“不可能性”以优先性,对他来说,作为此在的我们面对的死亡是一种无法超越的可能性。我们也可以说,海德格尔从死亡的角度观察生命。而列维纳斯则是将死亡与生命的观点一起考虑,因为他觉得只有生命才能为我们打开可能性;从生命的视角看,死亡是所有可能性的终结,即不可能性。     

IMMIGRATION POLICY,BORDER SECURITY,AND MIGRANT DEATHS: AN IMPACT EVALUATION OF LIFE‐SAVING EFFORTS UNDER THE BORDER SAFETY INITIATIVE*

Subsequent to U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) efforts to control illegal immigration throughout the 1990s, concern arose over an apparent increase in deaths of illegal migrants as they began to undertake more treacherous routes to enter the United States from Mexico. In response, the Border Safety Initiative (BSI) was created to increase safety along the southwest border. Using multiple data sources, including the USBP BSI Incident Tracking System, this study evaluated the impact of life‐saving efforts performed under the BSI program. Results indicate that there has been no overall reduction in the rate of migrant deaths since BSI has been in operation. However, an evaluation of BORSTAR search and rescue teams and the 2003 Lateral Repatriation Program (LRP), which returned apprehended migrants from Tucson sector to less hazardous places along the border, were found to be effective in preventing migrant deaths. Policy Implications: Critics of U.S. immigration policy claim that the only way reductions in migrant deaths along the U.S.‐Mexico border can be achieved is through liberalization of immigration policy and relaxing of border security. Yet, for more than a decade, U.S. policy makers have increased restrictions on immigration and have tightened security at the borders. Considering this, alternative means must be deployed in order to save migrant lives in the near term rather than waiting for a reversal of immigration policy. This study suggests that proactive life‐saving measures implemented through a harm‐reduction strategy can have some impact on saving migrant lives.     

中国非刑罚化改革的否证性分析

非刑罚化 ,是现代西方国家在推行刑罚制度改革中表现出的较一致的发展趋势。但是我国的刑罚改革不应简单照搬此模式。原因在于非刑罚化理论本身还存在一些缺陷和不足 ,而且从现实效果来看 ,该模式至今并未得到成功的证实。至少在目前 ,甚或是在相当长的一段时间里 ,非刑罚化的犯罪反应模式并不适合中国的国情     

论死刑不引渡原则

死刑不引渡原则是现代引渡制度的产物,是随着人权观念的兴起逐步形成和发展起来的。但在实践中,对于死刑的界定却存在着争议,并且请求国与被请求国也常常对是否需要判处死刑存在不同的看法,这些都会对死刑不引渡原则的适用产生影响。另外,死刑不引渡原则是否构成了国际习惯法也没有定论。由于我国现阶段不可能会完全废除死刑,所以在同废除了死刑的国家进行引渡合作时就有可能产生纠纷,为此,我国《引渡法》也应引入死刑不引渡原则。     

2019年中国刑法实施报告

2019年是新中国成立70周年的伟大日子。70年来,在中国的刑事法治建设取得长足发展的同时,中国刑法学在始终恪守重视基础理论的总结、创新与完善的基础上,亦更加主动地回应社会现实关切的热点、疑点、难点问题,彰显出鲜明的时代特色,凸显出刑法积极参与社会治理的重要功能,弘扬了新时代我国刑法学鲜明的问题意识与自主意识。相较以往,2019年度刑事犯罪在涉众型、风险型、科技型等领域较为突出,呈现出涉案金额巨大、危害面广、手法多样且不断翻新等特点。2019年度刑法实施报告主要将以下七个板块作为研究重点:新中国成立七十年刑事法治和刑法理论的变迁与反思、正当防卫制度的适用与完善、"扫黑除恶"专项斗争、人工智能时代刑法挑战的前瞻应对、互联网金融领域腐败犯罪治理防范问题、认罪认罚从宽制度实体适用问题及民刑交叉、行刑衔接等问题。     

略论死刑复核中“发回”案件的重新审判

在重新审判＂发回＂死刑案件的司法实践中,对被告人容易存在有罪推定的倾向、依据补强证据再次适用死刑的倾向和漠视侦控行为合法性的倾向。为此重审法院应杜绝片面依据侦控机关提供的不利于被告人的存疑补强证据,对被告人再次适用死刑;对＂事实不清、证据不足＂发回的死刑案件,如果经过重审认定的案件事实没有发生重大变化,一般也不宜对被告人再次适用死刑。