地役权概念解析——兼评《物权法》第156条

地役权制度在整个物权体系中是不可或缺的,但作为我国物权法上的新制度,以不动产解释地役权,导致了人们对其理解的歧义。我们认为无论从历史、现实的多维视角,还是从法律概念的自身的逻辑解释以及《物权法》的整体,地役权的适用范围只能是土地。在我国土地为国家所有的情况,要想发挥地役权的作用,就应当在维护国家利益的前提下,借鉴国外的经验,适当放宽土地使用权等用益物权的边界,以充分利用有限的土地资源,实现物尽其用。     

公共役权的概念和性质

公共役权，是公益事业、国家或公众取得一种要求相关不动产所有权人或使用权人承受某种负担的权利。公共役权调整国家和不特定公众与不动产权利人之间的权利义务关系。     

Gauging support for innovative farmland preservation techniques

Given growing concerns about the loss of farmland in the US, governmental and nonprofit groups are seeking innovative, cost-effective methods to preserve lands that will elicit additional landowner participation. This article describes four innovative farmland preservation techniques and derives implications for the policy process through interviews of key stakeholders: program administrators, lawmakers, and landowners. Experts on farmland preservation were also interviewed to ensure stakeholder perceptions substantively inform the policy process. Four techniques were selected for assessment from approximately 30 novel techniques. Reactions to these policy options reflect stakeholder perceptions of a baseline condition; the perceptions help evaluate which options are likely to survive the policy process and what attributes will lead to their acceptability because few of these techniques have yet become policy. Although the stakeholders may have more limited experience with the policy process, land preservation experts validated many of the results and the possibility of success in the “rough and tumble” of the policy process. Of the four investigated techniques rights of first refusal was the most favored, although respondents thought effective implementation would require careful targeting and a dedicated funding source. Experts agreed this technique was most likely to survive in the political arena. Agricultural conservation pension was also viewed favorably, though it was considered administratively difficult to implement. Several experts thought that, though inchoate, the pension plan could potentially be more cost effective than rights of first refusal. Land preservation tontines were perceived to be an interesting concept, but confusing, difficult to implement, and ill-defined. Term conservation easements were viewed unfavorably because they did not preserve land permanently.

社会变迁与地役权的现代化

社会变迁使私人地役权日趋式微,而私人地役权的自我结构性调整作用有限。由私人地役权转向公共地役权,并将地役权适用于土地管理和环境保护,不仅能淡化不动产尤其是土地协调利用中的行政色彩,维系不动产协调利用时各利害相关方的利益平衡,而且也是地役权突破目前困境、完成其现代化转型必由之路。     

占用铁路用地收费合法性研究

由于建设铁路专用线等原因,铁路相邻单位和个人必然要占用铁路用地,铁路部门往往要向占地的单位或个人收费。而铁路用地历来属于国家划拨用地,法律规定划拨用地不得出租,由此就会产生占用铁路用地收费是否合法的问题。根据相邻关系和地役权法律制度,铁路相邻单位或个人依法有权占用铁路用地,铁路部门依法有权收取费用,占用铁路用地收费符合我国相邻关系和地役权法律制度。同时,处理占用铁路用地收费问题时,要遵循平等、公平原则,从而保证占用铁路用地收费的合理、合法性。