Sample Mining and Data Mining: Combined Real-Time and Retrospective Approaches for the Identification of Emerging Novel Psychoactive Substances

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are synthetic drugs that pose serious public health and safety concerns. A multitude of NPS have been identified in the United States, often implicated in forensic investigations. The most common and effective manner for identifying NPS is by use of mass spectrometry and the true utility lies within nontargeted acquisition techniques. During this study, a liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) assay was developed, validated, and implemented for forensic toxicology testing. A SCIEX TripleTOF™ 5600 + with SWATH^® acquisition was used. Resulting data were compared against an extensive library database containing more than 800 compounds. The LC-QTOF-MS assay was applied to the reanalysis of biological sample extracts to discover emergent NPS. More than 3,000 sample extracts were analyzed, and more than 20 emerging NPS were detected for the first time. Among these were isopropyl-U-47700, 3,4-methylenedioxy-U-47700, fluorofuranylfentanyl, N-methyl norfentanyl, 2F-deschloroketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-alpha-PHP, eutylone, and N-ethyl hexedrone.     

百草枯中毒分析检测方法的研究进展

本文介绍了最近20年来国内外有关生物检材中百草枯的提取、净化及定性定量分析检测方法的研究进展,从而为进一步研究百草枯中毒的分析检验方法提供参考。     

超声提取法在固体毒物检材前处理中的作用

针对实际办案中检材中毒物含量很低时不易检验的问题进行了研究,探索出一种固体检材前处理的超声提取法,能够很好地解决这一问题。本方法具有操作简单,检材用量小,提取效果好、省时省费用的优点。     

血液样品中乙醇稳定性的实验研究

目的考察在不同存放条件下含乙醇的血液样品中乙醇浓度的变化情况。方法采用顶空-气相色谱法,以异丙醇为内标,对存放条件不同的血液样品中乙醇进行检测。结果冷冻(-10℃)条件存放1至30天,血液样品中乙醇含量无显著变化;冷藏(4℃)条件存放1至30天,血液样品中乙醇含量变化不显著;室温(28℃~33℃)条件存放1至30天,血液样品中乙醇含量显著改变。结论含有乙醇的血液样品,在冷冻、冷藏条件下可较稳定的存放30天;在室温条件下存放30天血液样品中乙醇浓度发生显著变化,不可在此条件下存放。     

刑事案件中笔迹样本的收集

刑事案件中的笔迹样本,是指由犯罪嫌疑人、经侦查而确定的重大嫌疑分子亲笔书写的,用来同检材字迹作比较的笔迹材料。它是鉴定人员认识检材笔迹所包含的未知信息并进而做出认定或否定结论的客观依据和基础。收集笔迹样本的程序是否适当,样本的来源是否可靠,数量是否充分,质量是否合格,对于笔迹检验工作具有举足轻重的作用,直接影响着鉴定结论的准确性和合法有效性。     

刑事案件笔迹鉴定样本收集规范探析

刑事案件侦破、审理过程中，往往需要通过笔迹鉴定对专门性问题作出鉴别与判断。刑事案件侦破、审判过程进行笔迹鉴定时，必须重视规范收集符合鉴定要求的样本材料。司法实践中，由于委托机关中的具体办案人员往往不具备文检专业知识，收集程序、方法不甚规范，无法有效保证样本材料的质量，从而导致样本材料不符合鉴定要求，最终影响到鉴定意见的准确性、可靠性。规范笔迹样本的收集工作，能够使之符合鉴定实践的要求，有利于保证鉴定意见的合法性、准确性以及可靠性。     

血中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度测定影响因素的研究

目的 考察血中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度(HbCO％)测定的影响因素,为其结果评定和所需样品保存条件提供实验依据。方法 利用三种分光光度法,测定30d内不同条件下保存的CO阳性血的HbCO％的变化。结果 还原双波长法、双波长法测定结果比较稳定,单波长法抗干扰能力较差;尸检所取血样的保存条件包括温度、保存时间及与空气接触程度对HbCO％的测定均有影响,其中温度影响较为显著。结论 利用还原双波长法与双波长法,并结合光谱扫描观察峰形变化可得到比较可靠的结果。30d内4℃条件下,密闭容器中血样接触少量空气不影响其HbCO％的测定。     

GC/ECD检验生物检材中的氟乙酸钠

建立对生物检材中氟乙酸钠的GC/ECD检验方法。用PFBBr作衍生化试剂,对氟乙酸钠或氟乙酰胺中毒后脏器中的氯乙酸（氯乙酸钠）进行衍生化,GC/ECD和GC／MS的分析。在1ml血中添加lμg1080,其回收率为76．2％,RSD为3．07（n＝7）;在1g肝中添加2μg的1080其回收率为84．4％,RSD为1．87（n=5）。研究的方法经动物试验和大量中毒案件的验证,效果较好。该方法已在中毒案件的检验中广泛应用。     

吸具上的毒品样品的采集、处理和鉴定

不同的毒品、不同的吸食方法所用的吸具不同，不同的吸具、不同的分析方法，毒品的采集方法也不同。有的样品采集和前处理相结合，有的在分析前需要再处理。吸具上不含水的部位常用蘸水或有机溶剂的棉签擦拭，或用少量有机溶剂溶解，水溶液中的毒品常用有机溶剂萃取。吸具上毒品的鉴定主要以定性检验为主，GC、GC／MS是常用的鉴定方法，其中GC—MS法是最常用的确证方法。     

Crime: The amount and disparity of sentencing – A comparison of corporate and occupational white collar criminals

Research carried out previously, aimed at examining differences in the length of the sentencing and type of offence, have typically compared white collar and street criminality. The main aim of the current study is to examine the differences in sentence length for white collar occupational and corporate offenders from street crime offenses and to identify which factors eventually could explain such differences. The crime amount was smaller in occupational convictions despite the fact that the average crime amount was significantly less in this group compared to the crime amount among corporate criminals. Socioeconomic status and company size were not found to be associated with the length of the sentence. We discuss whether the difference in length of the sentence could be explained by the fact that occupational crime is committed for the criminals' own purposes or enrichment, while this is often not the case among corporate criminals.