Suicide squad: Boko Haram’s use of the female suicide bomber

Boko Haram first began using the tactic of suicide bombings in 2011 and in 2014 started using female suicide bombers. This research focuses on gender differences in the use of suicide bombers. The data were collected using open sources from June 16, 2011 to June 15, 2018. Using this longitudinal data, trends are described over that 7-year period, focusing on the use of females. A majority of the suicide bombings target civilians in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. More than half of the bombers were women and girls, some as young as 7?years old, and there were more than 60 incidents where the bomber was below the age of 15. More female bombers were used to targets civilians, whereas men were used more often to target government, police, and military targets. Female suicide bombers were used in Cameroon, whereas males were used more often in Nigeria. Additionally, females used suicide belts or vests, whereas men carried out the overwhelming majority of vehicle-borne suicide bombings. In many cases, the use of the women as bombers involved coercion. The unprecedented use of female suicide bombers, particularly young girls, should be a focus of policy moving forward.     

大学生自杀原因的社会学思考

大学生自杀行为的发生 ,是多种因素共同作用的结果。既有具体的生活事件作为导火索 ,又有个人心理原因 ,但其根源在于社会势力。影响大学生自杀行为发生的社会因素主要有社会转型、家庭环境、生活环境的变迁、社会隔离、社会感应 (模仿 )和文化等。     

法轮功痴迷者自杀意念产生的诱因分析

法轮功痴迷者自杀意念的产生 ,有心理学、宗教社会学、哲学等不同层次的诱因。只有提高全民族的科学理性素质 ,才是破邪的根本 ,因此 ,应弘扬珍视每一个生命的价值理念。这也是一切文明不可动摇的根基。     

浅析青少年自杀心理因素及其危机干预

由于青少年自杀的比例呈不断上升趋势,有必要将"危机干预"的理念和机制引入我们的生活,在分析青少年自杀心理几大来源的基础上,提出对青少年进行自杀的危机干预的对策,即建立自杀危机干预中心,为有自杀倾向的人提前提供有效的心理治疗,建立个人的社会支持系统,呼唤更多的人文支持和关爱,提高青少年的心理素质,增强珍爱生命意识.     

Doing Nothing is Sometimes Worse: Comparing Avoidant versus Approach Coping Strategies with Peer Victimization and Their Association to Depression and Suicide Ideation

ABSTRACT

Peer victimization is a major stressor adolescents often face in the school environment, and has been linked to depression and suicidal risk. This study analyzed the associations between three behavioral coping strategies (avoidance, seeking social support from adults/peers, and retaliation) and depression and suicidal ideation. Participants included 4,254 victimized students who were part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study that compared three school-based prevention interventions and collected information on health risk behaviors in adolescents from 11 European countries. Results showed behavioral avoidance to be associated with an increase in levels of depression, as compared to the other coping strategies (adult social support, peer social support, retaliation). Seeking social support from adults was associated with lower depression and suicidal ideation rates. A more than 25% increase in suicidal ideation was associated with behavioral avoidance, compared to seeking social support from adults. By contrast, retaliation to peer victimization was not found to be associated with increased depression or suicidal ideation. The findings support the Coping Deficit model and may suggest that abstaining by doing nothing when victimized can be associated with certain adverse emotional outcomes.     

Divergent Paths to Martyrdom and Significance Among Suicide Attackers

This research used open source information to investigate the motivational backgrounds of 219 suicide attackers from various regions of the world. We inquired as to whether the attackers exhibited evidence for significance quest as a motive for their actions, and whether the eradication of significance loss and/or the aspiration for significance gain systematically differed according to attackers’ demographics. It was found that the specific nature of the significance quest motive varied in accordance with attackers’ gender, age, and education. Whereas Arab-Palestinians, males, younger attackers, and more educated attackers seem to have been motivated primarily by the possibility of significance gain, women, older attackers, those with little education, and those hailing from other regions seem to have been motivated primarily by the eradication of significance loss. Analyses also suggested that the stronger an attacker’s significance quest motive, the greater the effectiveness of their attack, as measured by the number of casualties. Methodological limitations of the present study were discussed, and the possible directions for further research were indicated.     

狱内罪犯自杀防控

监管设施条件改善之后,狱内罪犯自杀就成了监狱工作的重大隐患及工作难点,并将长期存在,无法回避,仅2014年2月、3月和4月,就有某省先后有三个监狱在三个月内连续发生三名罪犯自杀死亡事件。研究探讨罪犯自杀的可能原因、罪犯自杀的一般特点和警讯征兆、防范自杀的困难困惑、防控自杀的主要策略,对基层民警防控罪犯自杀有重要的实战价值。     

意义、价值与暴力性私力救济的发生——基于对行动的主观维度考察

人们的行动不是基于单纯的手段-目的理性,也不会完全受到结构性约束之摆布。通过对纳西族社会中发生的“殉情”历史事件、彝族的“死给”制度等个案考察,将表明暴力性私力救济的发生不仅和规则、资源、现有的纠纷解决机制等社会的客观维度有关联,它还与人们关于生活意义的思考、信仰和价值等主观方面有关系。人们的信仰、价值、意义追寻促成了暴力性私力救济。暴力性私力救济不能完全被消除,只能被限制和减少。但是,治理暴力性私力救济不能从强制改变人们的主观信念入手,只能着手于制度建构,消除引发暴力性私力救济客观因素。     

Vulnerability to Friends’ Suicide Influence: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Adolescent Depression

This paper examines whether severity of depression reduces or intensifies the relationship between friends’ suicide attempt and adolescent's own attempt to commit suicide, and whether there are gender differences in this interrelationship. Using logistic regression and data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents studied at 2 points in time, this study yielded significant findings. First, friends’ suicide attempt and adolescent depression each predicts adolescent's own attempt to commit suicide, and these effects are similar for both boys and girls. Second, highly depressed adolescents are less likely than low- or nondepressed adolescents to attempt suicide when their friends attempt suicide, and this relationship is observed mainly among adolescent boys. Finally, for adolescent girls, depression reduces the relationship between friends’ suicidal attempt and adolescent's own attempt but this effect is not statistically significant. These results are discussed in light of their theoretical importance and policy implications.Professor of Sociology at San Diego State University. Has published in the areas of crime/delinquency, drug use/abuse, intergenerational processes, and psychosocial stress. Recent publications have appeared in Western Criminology Review, Social Psychology Quarterly, Sociological Inquiry, Journal of Adolescent Research, and Youth and Society.     

大学生自杀行为探析

文章通过社会调查与资料采集 ,对当代大学生的轻生自杀行为进行分析、研究 ,并提请大学生、家庭、学校、社会的关注 ,加强安全教育与防范。