公共基础设施PPP融资模式问题探讨

PPP(Public-Private-Partnership)是一种新型的融资模式,本文着重分析了PPP融资模式的结构、特点、内涵和作用,PPP模式的目标及运作思路;国内外PPP融资案例;PPP模式的优势所在及其成功运作的必要条件;我国运用PPP模式融资应注意的事项;等等.     

论PPP模式在菲律宾基础设施建设中的应用与启示

菲律宾新政府采取一系列措施推行PPP模式在基础设施建设中的应用,本文概述了PPP模式在菲律宾基础设施建设中的进展及发展趋势,分析了菲律宾政府大力推行该模式的经济动因及PPP模式的潜在风险,并提出相应建议及对我国的启示。     

Pampered or pariah: does animal type influence the interaction between animal attitude and empathy?

ABSTRACT

Research into the interaction between deliberate harm of animals and potential risk for human directed violence has burgeoned in the past two decades. In light of an underlying premise that attitudes are predictive of behaviour, a number of researchers have examined demographic and personality variables that affect attitudes to, and by extrapolation behaviours towards, animals. One particularly active topic of research in this area is the potential relation between human-directed empathy and attitudes to animals, with researchers consistently finding that those with higher human-directed empathy scores tend to hold more pro-animal welfare attitudes. The current study adds to this literature by evaluating the effect of different animal types (Pet, Pest or Profit) in this overall animal attitude/human-directed empathy relationship with a large (n?=?1606), community-based, Australian sample. As anticipated, attitudes towards animals in the Pet category were significantly more pro-welfare than for either Pest or Profit animals and women indicated more pro-welfare attitudes across all three than men. The strength and significance of the relation between human-directed empathy and attitudes to animals varied across Pet, Pest and Profit animal categories and affective vs cognitive empathy. The strongest correlation was found between Pet and the Empathic Concern subscale of the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The implications of these differences for the previously observed link between attitudes to animals and empathy, humane education and future research directions are discussed.     

公私伙伴关系:匹兹堡的治理之道

匹兹堡地区是美国采用公私伙伴关系治理公共事务的成功典范。1943年,匹兹堡地区在政治家劳伦斯和银行家梅隆主导下成立了阿莱格尼社区发展会议(ACCD),建立起公私伙伴关系的制度平台。通过这种公私伙伴关系治理模式,匹兹堡在20世纪40-60年代解决了环境污染和基础设施落后的问题,在20世纪80年代成功实现了产业转型,20世纪90年代以来,促进了经济发展和就业。匹兹堡的公私伙伴关系治理模式植根于美国政治、经济和社会体制之中,具有制度化与机会主义的双重特点。     

公共基础设施项目的混合开发模式研究

虽然BOT模式已广泛用于公共基础设施项目的开发,但是,经济效益不佳的项目很难直接采用BOT模式;对于投资规模巨大的项目,采用BOT模式也难以获得竞争性投标。为了扩大BOT模式的应用范围,利用项目的可分解性,从理论上探讨了项目的混合开发模式。按照项目的不同分解方式,把混合开发模式分为双合同策略混合开发模式和多合同策略混合开发模式两大类。通过北京地铁四号线和宜泸渝高速公路项目的案例分析,不但剖析了混合开发模式的优缺点,而且证明了混合开发模式比单纯的BOT模式具有更大的灵活性、更广的应用范围,可以克服BOT模式的局限性,具有广阔的应用前景。     

合同激励、失败学习与PPP项目商业模式再创新意愿的关系——失败容忍度的调节作用

PPP项目商业模式创新失败率高,政府部门有必要通过合同激励项目公司进行失败学习,进而促发其再创新意愿。首先,通过文献分析并结合PPP特殊性,将PPP项目的合同激励分为利益分配与政府承诺,借鉴组织学习理论引入失败学习的概念,在此基础上建立以合同激励为前因、失败学习为中介、PPP项目商业模式再创新意愿为结果并考虑失败容忍度调节作用的概念模型;其次,采用情境模拟结合问卷调查的方式采集到67份有效实验数据,并运用层级回归分析的方法进行实证检验。研究结果表明:合同激励中的利益分配与政府承诺均对失败学习有显著正向影响,且政府承诺的影响要大于利益分配;失败学习对商业模式再创新意愿有显著正向影响;失败学习在利益分配和政府承诺对再创新意愿的影响中起到完全中介效应;失败容忍度正向调节失败学习对商业模式再创新意愿的影响。     

Development of the PIP Organizational Models: Examples from the Armenian Transport Sector

The present article analyzes a general approach of the development of public infrastructure provision (hereinafter PIP) organizational models focusing on the structure of the privatization, partnership, business, contractual, and financial models of Armenia. The adopted approach of using the general map of the PIP toolbox gives an opportunity to clearly understand various models of PIP in different countries, compare them on the basis of certain components and to make a ground for the development of the most efficient PIP organizational models in relevant countries. The article introduces a well-defined tool to find the differences within various projects.     

地方政府治理体系对PPP落地率的影响研究——基于中国省级政府的模糊集定性比较分析

目前中国PPP项目落地率低,而且不同省份间差异大,反映的是各地政府治理体系对PPP政策执行效果影响的问题。为探讨地方治理体系与PPP落地率的关系,以中国30个省、自治区、直辖市(除西藏、台湾、香港、澳门外)为案例样本,通过模糊集定性比较分析方法,探究地方政府治理体系中政府执行政策的能力、制度环境和社会经济环境三者不同的组合对PPP落地率的不同影响路径。研究分析发现,存在公正导向(当地方政府的监管质量、反腐水平高,并且市场活力高)、合作导向(当地方政府的政府效能好,法治程度高,并且市场活力高)、法治导向(当地方政府不具备较高监管质量,但具备强有力的法治保障水平)、社会安定导向(当地方政府不具备较高的政府效能、反腐水平、市场活力,但社会安定程度较高)的四条路径来提升PPP落地率,即需要政府效能、监管质量、法治、反腐、社会安定和市场活力这六个变量的多种组合。该研究结论对于中国各地政府提高PPP落地率提供政策启示。     

Social Impact Bonds: Implementation,Evaluation, and Monitoring

Traditional approaches to public policy increasingly fail to resolve social challenges, particularly in the field of criminal justice. High rates of juvenile recidivism, for example, are often linked to inequality in education and persistent, long-term unemployment—factors which, while complex, are nonetheless conducive to preventative strategies.

Social impact bonds (SIBs) are “pay-for-success” programs that attract private-sector, upfront funding for social interventions. If the program achieves agreed targets, taxpayer funds repay the investor. If the program fails to meet agreed targets, investors take the loss.

This innovative form of social finance through public–private partnership has helped spur efficiencies and improvements in the provision and outcomes of criminal justice services. However, the success of a SIB depends on careful implementation, evaluation, and monitoring.