Fear of victimization and health

Fear of victimization may have consequences for subjective well-being. I develop and test a model linking fear of victimization to subjective health. I hypothesize that two processes link fear to subjective health-psychological and behavioral. Specifically, I hypothesize that fear of victimization increases psychological distress, and fear decreases outdoor physical activity, especially walking. High levels of psychological distress and low levels of walking, in turn, are associated with poor self-reported health. I find empirical support for the hypothesized processes in a representative national sample of 2031 adults aged 18 to 90 interviewed by telephone in 1990. The negative association between fear and health is explained largely by psychological distress and walking. However, a significant direct effect remains. I conclude with suggestions for future research linking crime and health, focusing on the need for collecting information on community disorganization. Community context is likely the ultimate exogenous variable-the one that sets in motion the destructive cycle of fear, distress, inactivity, and poor health described here.     

Crime Victimization: Assessing Differences Between Violent and Nonviolent Experiences

Experiencing a criminal victimization is among one of the most stressful human experiences. A cross-sectional study of victims of violent crime and victims of nonviolent crime suggests that there are statistically significant differences in experiences in the initial aftermath of the crime event and a few common effects. This article describes the common effects that are associated with criminal victimization in the context of intense distress and discusses the theoretical implications of well-being in the coping process. One hundred seventy-five victims of violent or nonviolent crime were interviewed. Implications for social work practice and theory and future research are delineated.     

违约精神损害赔偿的理论障碍及其克服

精神损害赔偿问题在理论上至今仍然被认为是侵权行为法上的专门问题,与合同法中的违约责任问题关系不大。尽管我国合同法确立了责任竞合的有关规则,然而该规则并非万能,它无法解决仅仅因为违约但不侵权导致的精神损害后果的赔偿问题。对违约精神损害赔偿问题持反对意见者所提出的种种理由虽然值得重视,但均不足以成为立法政策上拒绝规定违约精神损害赔偿制度的真正法理依据。现实生活与司法实践迫切期待打破违约责任中不存在精神损害赔偿问题的理论神话,在严格限制其适用范围与构成要件的基础上,我们应当建立违约精神损害赔偿制度。     

What's Love Got To Do With It?: Perceptions of Marital Positivity in H-to-W Aggressive, Distressed, and Happy Marriages

Husbands' and wives' perceptions of positive relationship behaviors and interactions (e.g., caring gestures, reasons for staying married, frequency of positive communication) were assessed in a sample of maritally happy (H), maritally distressed but non-aggressive (D/NA), and maritally distressed and husband-to-wife physically aggressive (D/H-to-W) couples. As expected, the relationship positivity reports of the two groups of maritally distressed couples differed from the happily married couples. In addition, D/H-to-W spouses gave different reasons for staying married than did D/NA spouses (i.e., love versus family roles and commitments). Spouses in D/H-to-W aggressive marriages were also less likely to report using intimate language with their partner than were spouses in either of the other two groups. Few gender differences were found. Results underscore the importance of considering the role of love and intimacy in husband-to-wife aggressive and distressed marriages.     

Strain,Negative Emotions,and Deviant Coping Among African Americans: A Test of General Strain Theory

Although previous research on Agnew's (1992) general strain theory (GST) tends to yield significant effects of strain on negative emotions as well as deviance and crime, results tend to be mixed with regard to (1) the effects of negative emotions on deviance and crime and (2) conditioning factors that Agnew suggests affect the selection of coping strategies. To address these issues, we test hypotheses, derived from GST, about the relationships among strain, negative emotions, and deviant coping by analyzing data from a nationally representative sample of African American adults. Ordinary least squares regression results generally support our hypotheses. First, fully mediating the effects of strain on deviant coping, negative emotions have consistently significant effects on deviance, regardless of whether we use composite or separate measures of inner- and outer-directed emotions and deviance. Interestingly, as hypothesized, the same-directed effects of negative emotions on deviant coping are larger than the opposite-directed ones. Second, while self-esteem and self-efficacy as conditioning factors generally fail to receive empirical support, religiosity is found to significantly buffer the effects of negative emotions on deviance. Implications of our findings for further development of GST are discussed.     

Coparenting Conflict and Parenting Behavior in Economically Disadvantaged Single Parent African American Families: The Role of Maternal Psychological Distress

Substantial research has focused on the negative associations between coparenting conflict, parental psychological functioning, and parenting behavior in European American, middle-income, families. However, less attention has been given to ethnic minority families and to families that are nontraditionally structured. In an effort to address this gap, the current longitudinal study examines the relation between conflict with the mother-identified primary co-caregiver and parenting practices in single parent, economically disadvantaged African American families. Participants included 234 mother–child dyads. It was hypothesized that conflict would relate to less utilization of positive parenting practices and that this association would be mediated, at least in part, by maternal psychological distress. Hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling (Lisrel 8.3): Conflict with a co-caregiver was significantly related to parenting both directly and indirectly through maternal psychological distress. Implications of the findings are discussed.

疏肝健脾方治疗功能性消化不良餐后不适综合征临床观察

目的 观察疏肝健脾方治疗功能性消化不良餐后不适综合征的临床疗效。方法 将60例功能性消化不良餐后不适综合征（肝郁脾虚型）患者随机分入治疗组和对照组。治疗组予以中药疏肝健脾方,对照组予以多潘立酮片,疗程均为4周。通过中医症状积分量表、利兹消化不良问卷（Leeds dyspepsia questionnaire,LDQ）、水负荷试验和功能性消化不良生存质量量表（functional digestive disorder quality of life questionnaire,FDDQL）观察患者治疗前后临床疗效、临床症状、胃感觉功能和生存质量的变化。结果 两组临床疗效的分布比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,治疗组疗效明显优于对照组。两组中医症状积分和LDQ问卷积分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,治疗组优于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组餐后饱胀、早饱、胸胁胀痛、疲乏无力、便溏等症状改善均优于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗后胃感知阈值和胃不适阈值均显著降低（P<0.05）;治疗组治疗前后胃感知阈值和胃不适阈值差值显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。两组总生存质量均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.05）,治疗组患者总生存质量的改善优于对照组（P<0.05）; 治疗组患者日常生活、忧虑、睡眠、不适、健康感觉各单维度的改善均优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 疏肝健脾方能有效缓解功能性消化不良餐后不适综合征（肝郁脾虚型）患者的临床症状,改善其胃感觉功能和生存质量。     

Previous judicial detection and paedophilic sexual interest partially predict psychological distress in a non-forensic sample of help-seeking men feeling inclined to sexually offend against children

Little is known about overall psychological distress in paedophiles who are not formally involved with the criminal justice system. Since knowledge in this context could help to optimise intervention efforts, this study aimed to examine the association between distress as measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and preference- and offence-related variables in a sample of N?=?455 men self-reporting sexual interest in children, of whom 402 were diagnosed as paedophiles. Results showed that 59% reported clinically relevant levels of distress, with paedophiles being significantly more distressed than teleiophiles. A regression analysis revealed that a paedophilic preference and prior detection were relevant predictors for distress. However, past offending behaviour had no impact and the major part of variance could not be explained. The results suggest that paedophilia is associated with distress, but other factors influence whether a paedophilic man is distressed on a clinically significant level.     

危难救助者的行政补偿研究

在现实生活中,危难救助者的损失往往得不到应有的赔偿或补偿,导致人们对危难救助行为心存疑虑.然而,随着风险社会的出现及其程度不断加深,在防范和化解风险过程中,一种最有效的途径无疑是让社会大众共同分担救助他人的义务,这相当于为国家履行职责.因此,国家的责任不可或缺.根据行政补偿理论中的公共负担平等说,国家应当对危难救助者给予行政补偿,以弥补其因救助行为所造成的损失.     

我国产品责任制度:守成与创新

相对于《产品质量法》有关产品责任的规定,《侵权责任法》第五章既有守成的一面也有诸多创新规定,在解释上不可完全适用特别法优先的原则或新法优先的原则,而是要将两个法律的相关规定有机结合起来进行系统的解释,方能正确适用。《侵权责任法》没有对产品责任中的"损害"进行重新界定,产品自身的财产损失不属于产品责任的"损害";精神损害赔偿适用于产品责任案件,惩罚性赔偿规定的适用有待最高人民法院作出更具有可操作性的司法解释。