Differences in the executive council of the American federation of Labor

The 1936–1937 General Motors sit-down strike may be the most famous work stoppage in American history. The victory in Flint so heartened workers that a veritable “sit-down fever” wave spread across America. But are labor scholars guilty of unintentionally spreading a Whiggish view of history? Just 7 weeks after the victory in Flint, Hershey Chocolate workers sat down. Within 7 days they were forcibly ejected from the factory and beaten by a mob. This article takes a look at the events in Hershey with an eye toward raising questions about the overall efficacy of sit-down strikes. Although it by no means wishes to diminish the heroism or the usefulness of the Flint sit-down, it argues that a balanced look at the past requires a deeper look into the strikes that failed. The question is of the utmost importance for the contemporary labor movement, as some activists have called for a revival of sit-down militancy as a tactic for organized labor to reverse decades of decline. This may not be wise strategy, as past sit-down strikes are too narrowly filtered through the triumphant lens of Flint.     

象征主义之后的法国诗学与英美自由诗的转型

文章反思了英国自由诗理论对法国象征主义诗学的片面解读,梳理了象征主义之后的新生代诗学对英国现代主义诗人弗林特的重要影响,并以弗林特为媒介,研究庞德、奥尔丁顿、洛厄尔等人对法国诗学的接受和调整。文章认为,法国新生代诗学的“节奏常量”、“调子”理论影响了弗林特的“无韵的调子”说,而弗林特的“无韵的调子”说,又促进了英美现代主义诗人对自由诗节奏特性的寻找。这种影响关系的研究对于理解英美自由诗与法国诗学的复杂关系提供了参考。