试论罪犯个性改造的可能性

罪犯个性具有高度可塑性及巨大可能性,围绕着对罪犯个性改造产生积极影响因素,阐述了罪犯自身存在着内在动力和出发点,以及外在影响因素,综合调整两种因素是推动罪犯个性改造的强大力量。     

霍山石斛通过上调突触蛋白Arc表达增强衰老小鼠学习记忆的研究

目的 探讨霍山石斛对小鼠学习记忆能力减退的影响及其可能机制.方法 将33只SPF级C57BL/6小鼠随机分为模型组、早期给药组和晚期给药组,另取11只12周龄C57BL/6青年小鼠作为对照组.采用Morris水迷宫检测小鼠学习记忆能力;应用透射电子显微镜观察海马CA3区超微结构,采用免疫印迹检测海马CA3区Arc蛋白的表达水平.结果 与对照组比较,模型组小鼠游泳距离显著延长(P<0.05),靶象限游泳时间明显减少(P<0.05);与模型组比较,早期给药组小鼠游泳路程显著缩短(P<0.05),靶象限游泳时间显著延长(P<0.05).透射电子显微镜显示,早期给药组和对照组小鼠海马CA3区可见较多结构清晰的线粒体,线粒体嵴排列较整齐,突触结构较清晰且较多;模型组和晚期给药组小鼠较多出现线粒体空泡化和嵴断裂或扭曲,线粒体数量和突触数量减少,突触后膜较致密.与对照组比较,模型组小鼠海马CA3区Arc表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,早期给药组小鼠CA3区Arc表达水平显著升高(P<0.05).结论 早期给予霍山石斛可以延缓或预防小鼠学习记忆能力减退,其机制可能与其上调突触蛋白Arc的表达水平进而影响海马突触结构有关.     

脑源性神经营养因子前体蛋白研究进展

脑源性神经营养因子前体蛋白（pro-BDNF）是成熟型脑源性神经营养因子（mBDNF）的前体形式。最新研究表明，pro-BDNF不仅作为mBDNF的前体形式存在，还可由神经细胞分泌到胞外，发挥与mBDNF不同的生物学效应。本文综述了pro-BDNF蛋白的分子结构、在中枢神经系统的分布、受体、生理效应、分泌与调节以及pro-BDNF与长时程抑制、突触可塑性、记忆形成及毒品成瘾的相关性等方面的研究进展。     

Shifting Perspectives: Cognitive Changes Mediate the Impact of Romantic Relationships on Desistance from Crime

Although research regarding the impact of marriage on desistance is important, most romantic relationships during early adulthood, the period in the life course when involvement in criminal offending is relatively high, do not involve marriage. Using the internal moderator approach, we tested hypotheses regarding the impact of non-marital romantic relationships on desistance using longitudinal data from a sample of approximately 600 African American young adults. The results largely supported the study hypotheses. We found no significant association between simply being in a romantic relationship and desistance from offending. On the other hand, for both males and females quality of romantic relationship was rather strongly associated with desistance. Partner antisociality only influenced the offending of females. Much of the effect of quality of romantic relationship on desistance was mediated by a reduction in commitment to a criminogenic knowledge structure (a hostile view of people and relationships, concern with immediate gratification, and cynical view of conduct norms). The mediating effect of change in affiliation with deviant peers was not significant once the contribution of criminogenic knowledge structure was taken into account. The findings are discussed in terms of social control and cognitive accounts of the mechanisms whereby romantic relationships influence desistance.     

针刺对大鼠脑缺血后海马突触可塑性的促进作用

目的:探讨针刺治疗缺血性脑血管疾病的机制。方法:采用热凝闭大鼠大脑中动脉致局灶性脑缺血模型,随机分为假手术组、缺血组和治疗组,观察针刺对脑缺血后缺血同侧海马齿状回(DG)突触可塑性的影响。结果:缺血2周后缺血同侧海马齿状回兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)、群峰电位(PS)的I/O曲线幅度均显著降低(P<0.05);和缺血组相比,治疗组EPSP、PS的I/O曲线幅度均显著升高(P<0.01,P<0.05),和假手术组相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。EPSP的长时程增强(LTP)幅度在缺血2周后明显升高(P<0.05);治疗组与假手术组相比明显升高(P<0.05),与缺血组无明显差异(P>0.05)。PS的LTP幅度在缺血2周后明显降低(P<0.05),治疗组明显高于缺血组(P<0.05),与假手术组相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。EPSP的长时程抑制(LTD)幅度在缺血2周后明显降低(P<0.05),治疗组与假手术组相比明显降低(P<0.05),与缺血组相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。PS的LTD幅度缺血组与假手术组无明显区别(P>0.05);治疗组与假手术组相比有所升高(P<0.05),与缺血组相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:针刺对缺血引起的海马DG区I/O曲线的EPSP、PS的幅度变化起保护作用;针刺能修复缺血造成海马DG区PS的LTP诱导的损害;针刺对缺血后海马DG区EPSP的LTD的诱导无明显影响,对PS的LTD诱导有一定的提高作用。     

电针“百会”“神庭”对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力和海马突触结构与相关蛋白表达水平的影响

目的 观察电针“百会”“神庭”对血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VD）大鼠学习和记忆功能的影响,并从突触结构及突触相关蛋白表达水平的角度揭示其作用机制。方法 将35只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、电针穴位组、电针非穴位组和奥拉西坦组,每组7只。采用改良双侧颈动脉结扎模型,电针穴位组大鼠选择“百会”“神庭”两穴治疗,电针非穴位组大鼠选择固定非穴位刺激,每次电针30 min,每日1次,连续干预14 d;奥拉西坦组大鼠选择腹腔注射奥拉西坦,50 mg/kg,每日1次,连续14 d。采用Morris水迷宫检测各组大鼠学习和空间记忆能力;透射电子显微镜观察各组大鼠海马CA1区突触结构;Western blot检测各组大鼠海马突触后致密蛋白95（postsynaptic density protein 95, PSD95）、GluA1、GluN2B和磷酸化GluN2B蛋白表达水平。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠学习期逃避潜伏时间延长,测试期跨越平台次数减少,目标象限停留时间显著缩短,大脑质量显著增加,海马CA1区突触结构数明显减少,海马PSD95、GluA1、GluN2B和磷酸化GluN2B蛋白表达水平均显著降低,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,电针穴位组大鼠的学习期逃避潜伏时间缩短,测试期跨越平台次数增加,目标象限停留时间延长,大脑质量降低,CA1区突触结构数增多,海马PSD95、GluA1、GluN2B和磷酸化GluN2B蛋白表达水平增加,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 电针“百会”“神庭”能改善VD大鼠的学习记忆功能,改变海马突触结构,分子机制可能和增加突触蛋白PSD95、GluA1和GluN2B的蛋白表达水平相关。     

豚鼠肠系膜下神经节及其结肠段离体标本的反射活动

By using the preparation of inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG) associated with distal colon of guinea-pig, the relationship between synaptic transmission in ganglion cell and movement of longitudinal and circular muscles of colon was investigated. It was found that when the preload tention of both muscles was set 0, the spontaneous synaptic potentials were recorded in IMG cells. Cutting colonic nerve irreversibly eliminated the potentials. Radialy distending the colon induced a slow depolarization lasting for about 70-190s in IMG neurones, This slow potential was resistant to d-TC and atropine. In addition, the summation of the slow potential induced by distending colon and ls-EPSP evoked by stimulating hypogastric nerve could, be observed. A train stimulation of pre-ganglionic nerve caused the relaxation of the longitudinal muscle, but irregulation in the motion of the circular muscle. The results suggest that cholinergic and non-cholinergic activities were included in the colon-IMG-colon reflex in which they control the movements of the intestines coofdinately.     

发展情境论视域下大学生思想道德发展与教育路径分析

发展情境论认为人的发展是通过具有可塑性个体在发展过程中与其所生活的情境间的相互作用以及循环影响而实现的,“情境”是个体发展的重要变量.基于该理论,道德的自我塑造性是大学生思想道德发展与教育的重要前提,情境需要以及情境与个体拟合优度发展是大学生思想道德发展与教育的落脚点和主要路径.