从判决书看缓刑的适用

刑事司法政策、缓刑制度功能、刑法条文规定、犯罪案件类型及被告人自身情况等都是影响缓刑适用的因素。从判决书反映的情况来看,不管是基层法院还是中级法院,故意伤害案件和交通肇事案件缓刑适用率都相对较高,财产类犯罪案件则较少适用。在实践中,缓刑的适用主要存在对宽严相济刑事政策的把握不准,缓刑监督考察机制不健全等问题。可以考虑从这两方面入手完善我国的缓刑制度。     

论缓刑的法律性质--兼评缓刑考验期满后再犯罪成立累犯的合理性

缓刑在不同的刑事诉讼阶段所表现的主要特性是不同的,因而对其性质进行分阶段的界定也就有了现实的依据和合理性。从决定是否对犯罪分子宣告缓刑的意义上来说,缓刑有刑罚裁量的性质;从对犯罪分子具体适用缓刑的各项规定的意义上来说,缓刑又具有刑罚执行的性质。缓刑,兼具刑罚裁量和刑罚执行两重性质。在明确缓刑具有刑罚执行的法律性质的前提下,认定缓刑考验期满后再犯相应之罪的犯罪分子为累犯,就有了理论以及法律上的合理性。此种处置,从一般预防和特殊预防的角度来看,既符合中国社会重视行为人主观意志的现实,又能更好发挥刑罚预防犯罪的功能,也是符合我国现行刑事政策和法律规定的。     

The implementation of case formulation by probation officers: service user and carer views

Background: The recent UK Government strategy on high-risk offenders with personality disorders (PD) proposes improved identification of this group, assessment of their treatment needs through case formulation (CF) and the subsequent provision of treatment pathways. Little is known about service user and carer views on this strategy. Aims/Hypotheses: This study sought to identify the views of personality-disordered (PD) offenders and carers on the proposed role of Probation staff in CF. Methods: Three focus groups were carried out, two with service users and one with carers, with a total of 10 participants overall. Results: Five themes emerged: ‘power’, ‘conflicting roles’, ‘trust’, ‘building a relationship through consistency of care’ and ‘hope and possibility’. Conclusions/Practical implications: Offenders and carers were sceptical regarding the proposed role of Offender Manager (OMs) in CF and this could pose a potential barrier to the successful implementation of the strategy.     

论减刑假释暂予监外执行备案审查程序的构建

中央政法委对原县处级以上职务犯罪罪犯减刑、假释、暂予监外执行的，规定了备案审查程序。但对备案审查的性质、标准、方式、效力、救济途径和适用依据等方面规定不明确，学界和实务部门产生了争议。分析后认为，减刑、假释、暂予监外执行的备案审查的性质应为政法机关的内部监督，而不是行政／司法审批；建议备案审查采取合法性审查为主、合理性审查为辅的标准；备案审查的方式，可以对原县处级以上职务犯罪罪犯采取列举式，其他罪犯采取抽举式；备案审查机关的审查结论不应具有改变决定机关减刑、假释、暂予监外执行裁决的效力；对备案审查机关的审查结论不服的，应分别赋予被审查机关和因此受到影响的罪犯提起复查的权利；备案审查的依据应根据《意见》的精神由最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、司法部和公安部联合制定规范法律文件；对同一案件，应由做出裁决的机关向相应的上级机关报请备案审查，而不是相关机关分别备案审查。     

我国缓刑制度改进的传统之维——以保辜为讨论中心

保辜制度是我国古代刑法中的一项重要制度，它在唐律中有完备的规定。保辜制度要求人身伤害的犯罪人对被害人进行积极的救治，视救治的效果决定犯罪人的刑罚。保辜制度能够对我国缓刑制度的改进提供有益的借鉴，它在理论、经济和社会价值上都可以给缓刑制度之发展以导引和启迪。借鉴保辜制度，我们应当建立犯罪复原性的缓刑类型，建立缓刑保证制度，这将促进缓刑制度的创造性发展与进步。     

Does Training and Coaching Matter? An 18-Month Evaluation of a Community Supervision Model

During the last decade, several formalized approaches have been developed to improve the effectiveness of probation and parole by implementing evidence-based research into community supervision practices. A key component of these new approaches are the use of officer coaching sessions, which are designed to improve officer fidelity in the core correctional skill areas. This study explores the impact of an initial training and monthly coaching sessions in the Effective Practices in Community Supervision (EPICS) model on probation and parole officer use of core correctional skills. The results examine the average quarterly officer use of skills over an 18-month follow-up period based on training status (i.e., trained versus untrained officers) in the EPICS model. This study adds to the understanding of the role training and coaching may play in improving officer use of core correctional skills. Policy implications and recommendations for future research are also discussed.     

A survival model with dependent competing events and right-hand censoring: Probation and parole as an illustration

Researchers are frequently interested in estimating the elapsed time until the occurrence of an event, such as an arrest following release from prison, dissolution of a marriage, and death following the onset of a disease. Estimation is often hindered by the occurrence of a competing event, which prevents the event of interest from being observed, and by limited follow-up periods. A parametric procedure developed in this paper is suitable for dealing with nonrepeatable competing events when the events are correlated and when independent righthand censoring also exists. Weak distributional assumptions are accommodated by using a Box-Cox transformation and by explicit modeling of heteroscedasticity. The procedure is applied to data pertaining to failure on probabation and parole.     

贿赂犯罪缓刑、免刑适用率高的原因与对策

目前,我国贿赂犯罪的缓刑、免刑适用率一直偏高,这不仅使刑罚的一般威慑功能大为减弱,而且不符合我国从严治吏的政策要求。造成这一现象的主要原因是司法人员对于宽严相济刑事政策的内涵理解不当及法官的自由裁量权过大。为此,应当采取纠正司法人员的执法观念、制定量刑指导意见、加强刑事裁判文书的量刑论证、赋予公诉机关量刑建议权等对策。     

关于缓刑制度运行状况的“全景式”分析——以舟山市普陀区人民法院刑事审判工作为视角

缓刑对实现刑法人文关怀和刑罚人道主义具有重要意义,合理的制度设计是其充分发挥作用的必由之路。笔者借用摄影学"全景"概念,以舟山市普陀区人民法院刑事审判工作为视角,从缓刑的审前社会调查、适用和执行,即法院所参与的缓刑制度运行流程的全部三个阶段,对其进行全景式分析,并针对其运行中出现的问题提出解决的对策和建议。     

缓刑若干基本问题研究

基于刑法本身规定的缺陷,缓刑与剥夺政治权利刑的衔接适用上存在断层,应当在立法上进一步明确。按照现行规定,缓刑效力不及于附加刑,但缓刑又是解决罚金刑执行难的有效途径,所以,应当将罚金刑纳入缓刑适用范围。另外,要解决缓刑执行难的问题,就应当适当借鉴国外的某些立法例,建立专门的缓刑考察机构和缓刑考察人制度。