非正规的“正规化”:劳动力市场分割与家政服务企业——基于2019年四个城市的家政工人调查

在非正规就业盛行的家政市场,家政服务企业的重要性日益凸显,亟待考察这些劳动力市场中介机构的就业效果。通过分析2019年四个城市的家政工人调查数据,发现家政服务企业的发展可能会影响家政业内不同工种的收入差距,改变非正规就业市场的原有结构。伴随管理者企业的介入,家务员收入大幅提升,母婴护理员和家庭保洁员的收入则出现下降。家政企业对工人收入的改善和工作正规化的促进作用是有限的。本文不仅呈现了家政就业市场内部的异质性,为家政工作的正规化讨论提供中国经验数据,还指出劳动力市场中介机构在以女性为主的非正规就业市场上的特殊性,具有一定政策意义。     

数学与西方法律的形式化：以自然法为视角

柏拉图理念论的形成数学起了关键的作用。理念论把世界分为理念世界和可感世界,从而形成哲学两重世界。柏拉图的哲学两重世界对西方哲学的影响非常大,西方许多哲学大家都受过柏拉图理念论的影响。哲学两重世界的理论影响了自然法,使自然法成为了形式法,对实定法具有约束作用,这对西方法律形式合理性的形成具有重要影响。     

非正规的“正规化”:劳动力市场分割与家政服务企业——基于2019年四个城市的家政工人调查

在非正规就业盛行的家政市场,家政服务企业的重要性日益凸显,亟待考察这些劳动力市场中介机构的就业效果。通过分析2019年四个城市的家政工人调查数据,发现家政服务企业的发展可能会影响家政业内不同工种的收入差距,改变非正规就业市场的原有结构。伴随管理者企业的介入,家务员收入大幅提升,母婴护理员和家庭保洁员的收入则出现下降。家政企业对工人收入的改善和工作正规化的促进作用是有限的。本文不仅呈现了家政就业市场内部的异质性,为家政工作的正规化讨论提供中国经验数据,还指出劳动力市场中介机构在以女性为主的非正规就业市场上的特殊性,具有一定政策意义。     

The global farms race: land grabs,agricultural investment,and the scramble for food security

In a widely read paper, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, World Bank and others propose systematic property rights formalization as a key step in addressing the problems of irresponsible agricultural investment. This paper examines the case of Cambodia, one of a number of countries where systematic land titling and large-scale land concessions have proceeded in parallel in recent years. Cambodia's experience exemplifies the challenges of the ‘formalization fix’ – the proposition that property formalization constitutes a preferable front-line defense against land grabbing – and highlights formalization's uneven geography as an issue that has yet to generate adequate discussion internationally. Three dimensions of Cambodia's less-than-successful formalization fix efforts stand out: (1) the spatial separation of systematic land titling and agribusiness concessions that emerged during the 2000s and has only recently begun to be addressed; (2) the deployment of property formalization as a means of land grabbing, especially when applied selectively and unevenly; and (3) the political arena of efforts to legitimize ‘state land’. The paper questions the formalization fix as a policy solution, and argues for both greater spatial transparency in property formalization efforts throughout the global South, and greater attention to the problem of unmapped state land in general.     

论新闻底线道德的法律运作

新闻道德失范是当前我国新闻媒体面临的一个重大问题。近十年来国内6次媒介调查结果显示,新闻道德失范的危害性极大,经由自律路径根治新闻道德失范几乎不可能。从道德分层理论、道德与法律关系、道德的现实境遇以及新闻道德本身的特性分析,新闻底线道德的法律运作是必要的,也是可能的。道德的法律运作的主要方面并不是在何种程度下触犯道德规范该受何等惩罚的量化问题,更重要的是,它应该对某些新闻职业道德概念作一个明确而具体的定义。同时,我们也必须仔细考虑违犯新闻道德规范后进行救济的多种可能性。     

试论环境合同制度

在合同形式化的背景下 ,环境法实践已经采用了合同这一外在形式作为协调环境资源的公共性与个人私益性的手段 ,但理论上对此问题的讨论甚少。本文从合同制度的变迁以及环境法的发展历史入手 ,分析了环境合同的外观与内核 ,提出了构建环境合同制度的设想。本文认为 :环境合同采用了合同的形式 ,但其本质在于平衡公共权力与私人权利的关系 ,具有不同于一般民事合同的特性。因此 ,环境合同的成立、生效、履行与解释都应体现其特征     

A new look: professionalization of NGOs in Kyrgyzstan

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan have become visible players in the social and political scene. However, despite being portrayed as professional organizations in the literature, the professionalization of NGOs in Kyrgyzstan has been understudied. This article aims to rectify this gap. It presents and discusses the findings of a study analysing NGOs from an organizational perspective using semi-structured interviews with 45 NGOs, self-administered questionnaires with their leaders and employees, and observation of their working environment. The key conclusion is that the NGO sector can be described as semi-professional. NGOs use different tactics to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. However, they face such challenges as limited funding, high staff turnover and poor coordination. The article provides an account of the NGO sector by mapping it into professional and non-professional groups that can serve as a new benchmark for better understanding NGOs in Kyrgyzstan.     

The Relationship between Delegation and Formalization in the Public Sector

In drawing on adaptive theory, this article discusses the relationship between delegation and formalization in the public sector. While traditional and contemporary views suggest that these concepts are either negatively or positively correlated, or that they should be balanced, this study hypothesized that they are dynamically related to each other, and therefore the relationship would be best described as curvilinear (inverted U-shaped). This hypothesis was supported through hierarchical regression analyses of data collected from a police organization that has traditionally pursued formalization, but lately has been urged to pursue a strategy of delegation. Practical and theoretical implications are provided.     

对集体合同形式化的反思

我国目前劳动关系的现状非常严峻,已经对我国市场经济发展的正确方向构成了严重挑战。而在市场经济条件下调整劳动关系的最有效手段就是建立集体协商和集体合同制度。但在我国集体合同制度推进的过程中,集体合同形式化问题也凸现出来,严重影响了这一制度的健康发展。因此,加快工会体制改革,推进立法,建立多层次的集体协商结构,将是今后完善集体合同制度,避免形式化倾向的必然选择。     

Calling Your Bluff: How Prosecutors and Defense Attorneys Adapt Plea Bargaining Strategies to Increased Formalization

This ethnographic work examines the inner workings of a highly formalized plea bargaining unit in a large urban prosecutor’s office from the lawyers’ point of view. Observations of forty two plea negotiations between prosecutors and defense attorneys along with both formal and informal interviews reveal how the legal actors adapt to institutional rules in the pursuit of the both efficiency and justice. In the face of ever increasing prosecutorial power, defense attorneys find ways to equalize the balance when cases do not fit the “normal crimes” model. Examination of negotiating strategy and discourse give further insight into whether prosecutors and defense attorneys behave differently under highly rationalized systems of plea‐bargaining compared with traditional models previously studied.