有利被告论探究——以实体刑法为视角

实体意义上的有利被告,作为罪刑法定与刑法的明确性原则的一条派生与补足原则,指的是当刑法适用上遇有暂时"解释不清"的疑难时,应该做出有利于被告的选择。它可以从国家作为立法者应对刑法规定不明承担的责任、刑法的人权保障机能、刑法与刑事诉讼法的立法精神、刑法的正当目的以及传统刑事政策等诸多维度得到证成。从有利被告的立场出发,在刑法解释领域,应当排除违背立法精神的不利被告的解释,允许不违背立法精神的有利被告的解释;在定罪环节,应当坚持"疑罪从无"与"罪疑惟轻"的规则:在量刑环节,应当排除违背立法精神的重刑选择,而允许不违背立法精神的轻刑选择。

A Study on the Defendant Favorable Doctrine

As a derivative and supplemental principle to the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime and the principle of definitude of criminal law, for the defendant in substantial sense means that we should make a choice for the defendant when confronting the hard case which can not be interpreted distinctly in the application of criminal law. It could be justified from many dimensions, such as the responsibility which the state, as a legislator, should take for the ambiguity of provisions of criminal law, the rationale of guarantee of human rights of criminal law, legislative spirit of criminal law and criminal procedure law, the justifiable aim of criminal law and traditional criminal policy. From the standpoint of for the defendant, in the fields of interpretation of criminal law, we should exclude the interpretation deviating from the legislative spirit and against the defendant, authorizing the interpretation not disobedient with the legislative spirit and for the defendant; and in the link of determination of guilt, we should insist on the principle of "no punishment in doubtful cases" and "mitigating a punishment for a doubted crime"; and in the link of discretionary action of sentencing, we should exclude the choice of serious punishment which deviates from legislative spirit and permit the choice of light penalty which is not disobedient with legislative spirit.