从张家山汉简《二年律令》看汉代处罚文书犯罪的特点

张家山汉简《二年律令》有对伪作制书、一般官文书,伪写、毁坏、遗失、盗窃玺印,更改文书传递方式、延误文书传递时间的违法行为进行处罚的律令条文。从汉代对文书犯罪处罚的律令看,突出了根据被伪写文书及玺印者的身份和地位的不同来定罪、采取重罪吸收轻罪的原则对违犯文书规定者进行判罚、区分伪写文书和玺印等犯罪所造成的后果不同进行定罪、处罚的文书犯罪行为涉及到文书制作和管理的各个环节等几个特点。

Characteristics of Penalizing Document Crimes in Han Dynasty from the Perspective of Two-Year Decree of Zhangjiashan Han Dynasty Bamboo Slips

The Two-Year Decree of Zhangjiashan Han Dynasty Bamboo Slips had the rules on penalizing several illegal conducts,including forging emperor’s rulings or general official documents;false writing,destroying,losing or stealing seals;altering delivery ways of documents and delaying delivery time of documents.The rules on penalizing document crimes in Han Dynasty highlight several characteristics,including convicting somebody according to the differences among the identities and statuses of persons whose documents and seals were forged;penalizing the persons who violated document rules in light of the principle of felony absorbing misdemeanor;convicting somebody by distinguishing the differences among the consequences caused by false writing documents and seals and the penalized document crimes conducts involving every link of document making and management.