论公司对外担保的法律效力

《公司法》第16条规定由公司章程确定对外担保的决议机关。当实际决议的机关与章程不一致时,担保合同的法律效力如何?应当认为随着对"推定通知理论"和"越权理论"的抛弃,公司章程的公开行为本身不构成第三人知道的证据,第三人对公司章程不负有审查义务。进而需要区分公司内部行为和外部行为的法律效力,不能以担保决议违反章程为由主张对外签订的担保合同无效,两者之间无效力牵连。当章程对担保"沉默"时,我国采行"股东会中心主义",应当运用"营利性"原则将董事会的决议权限定在公司正常经营活动的范围之内。董事、经理擅自对外担保构成无权代理,未经公司追认对公司不生效力,应当自行承担对第三人造成的损失。

The Effect of Company's Guarantee

Article 16 of Company Law provides that articles of association have the right to determine the guarantee organ. As abolishing constructive notice and ultra vires, a person shall not be taken to have notice of any matter merely because of its being disclosed in the article of associations kept by registrar of companies, and the third party should be under no obligation to determine the article of associations. So the difference between internal acts and external contracts on guarantee should be established, and the two kinds of acts are not implicated. Chinese Company Law pursues shareholder center doctrine ; the power of the board should be limit- ed in normal business management using the principle of profit making. The director and executive of corporate do not have the right to guarantee, and their conducts belong to the unauthorized agency. Unless the contract is ratified by the company, they should undertake compensation liability themselves.