民法总则民商主体界分的制度缺陷与完善思路

民法总则关于民商主体界分的整体制度设计因自然人与法人的不同而分别遵循了不同的逻辑标准，但都直接体现或隐含了“营利性目的”的内涵。民法总则民商主体界分制度在概念使用和标准贯彻上存在逻辑缺陷，进而导致实践中可能面临诸多难题。可行的完善思路是对商自然人的主体制度建构采取由基本法确立营业权和由单行法规定具体规则的方式；用“组织”作为主体概念统领“法人”和“非法人组织”；将商组织的具体制度纳入民法典专编或者商事基本法加以规定，并且在民商主体界分时采取法律判定与事实判定相结合的模式。

Institutional Defects and Improvement of Distinguishing Between Civil Subject and Commercial Subject in General Provisions of the Civil Law

For distinguishing between the civil subject and the commercial subject, we followed different logical standards for natural persons and legal persons in General Provisions of the Civil Law, which reflect directly or implicitly the connotation of the profit-making purpose. But there are logical defects in the use of concepts and the implementation of standards, which may lead to many difficult problems in practice. The feasible improvement approach is to use the commercial right in General Provisions of the Civil Law and the single acts in the construction of the subject system of the commercial natural person, to use organization as a general concept for both the legal person and non-legal person organizations, to include the specific system of the business organization into the basic commercial law, and to combine the legal judgment with the fact judgment in distinguishing between the civil and commercial subjects.