论国际法与宪法的效力关系——《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的视角

在有关国际法与宪法的效力关系的国内法制度中,有规定宪法的效力优于国际法的,也有规定国际法的效力优于宪法的.根据有关国际法与宪法效力关系的国际法,国际法的效力优于各国宪法,每个国家都有义务依据宪法或法律采取履行国际义务的措施、不得以宪法及其他国内法为理由不履行国际义务,但各国可以利用条约保留机制处理国际条约与宪法或法律的冲突.在国际关系中,违背国际法的宪法或法律规定不具有法律效力,削定或实施违背国际法的宪法或法律规定构成国际不法行为,产生国际责任.关于违背国际法的宪法或法律规定在其本国国内的效力,应当具体情况具体分析,违背一般国际法强制性规范、违背对整个国际社会的义务或违背<公民权利和政治权利国际公约>中的缔约国在紧急情况下也不得克减保障义务的强制性条款的宪法或法律规定,应当是自始无效的.

On the Relations Between International Law and Constitution--From the Perspective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

On the relations between the international law and the constitution, some domestic law regulate that their constitution take precedence over the international law, some regulate that the international law take precedence over their constitution. According to the international law, the validity of international law is superior to any constitution. Every state has the duty to take measures in accordance with its constitution and law to carry out its international obligation. It may not invoke the provisions in its constitution or law as an excuse for failure to perform its international obligation but it may resort to the mechanism of treaty reservation to deal with the conflicts between the international treaty and its constitution or law. In international relations, the provisions of constitution or other domestic law contradicting the international law are invalid. Enacting or implementing such provisions constitutes internationally wrongful acts and entails international responsibility. The validity of such provisions in its own country should be analyzed specifically. They are invalid from the very beginning if they contradict the peremptory norms of general international law, the obligation owed to the international community as a whole and the peremptory clauses prescribed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which may not be derogated even in the state of public emergency.