组织视角下的民事诉讼发回重审制度

民诉法学界和实务界有关二审程序中的发回重审存在较大争议,该制度成为本次民诉法修改的重要议题之一。为了形成共识,对这一问题从法解释论的角度进行阐释解说尤为必要。为了限制发回重审裁量权的滥用,我国司法实践中采用程序细化与加强对审判的组织管理并行的策略。不过这种"程序"与"组织"的交织并不能真正抑制裁量权滥用,反而因剥夺当事人的程序参与权而损害审判的公信力。为调整二者的相互关系,应在审判管理的组织背景下保障审判程序的自主性,恢复当事人在程序运作中的结构性位置。

Reflection on the System of Remanding Judgment in Civil Procedure

The system of remanding judgment in civil litigation has aroused complaints among scholars,judges,lawyers and the public,which has rendered it necessary to amend the related articles in the Civil Procedure Law.As there is no essential consensus between scholars,judges and lawyers upon this system,it is necessary to develop an "ought to be" interpretation in law.In order to limit the abuse of discretion in remanding judgments in civil cases,Chinese courts have implemented an approach that stresses detailed procedures through local rules and enhances organizational management measures.Compared to the western countries’ courts,Chinese courts are unique bureaucratic organizations that adjudication and(judicial) administration are integrated and the presidents have the overall responsibility for organizational performance such as judicial quality and efficiency and resources arrangement.However,such a model of "judicial procedure under the control of organizational management" can not avoid the appellate courts’ abuse of discretion by remanding judgments against relevant statutory provisions,regardless of the appealed issues and without judicial reasoning,but instead deprives the litigating parties and the public in general of their participation in the civil procedures,thus damages further the authority of judicial adjudication. Of course,as Chinese judges lack enough professionalization and socialization,it is necessary and reasonable to strengthen and regulate organizational management of judicial adjudication in China nowadays.To adjust the relationship between judicial procedure and court organization,the autonomy of judicial procedure should be guaranteed in the background of organizational management and parties’ participation in judicial procedure should be restored.The reasoning for remanding orders,which is bound by the appellants’ claims and justified by judges themselves,is the key factor to guarantee the autonomy of adjudication.Therefore,the most important improvement about the remanding system should focus upon the judicial reasoning contained in orders in addition to amending the statutory conditions set forth for remanding.