债之概念反思及其在体系中的地位

债法是实现超越主权国家的法律统一或者一个国家内各地区立法统一的首要领域。从《法学阶梯》中寻找债的概念的形成及其义务范围,进而了解罗马法上债的类型划分和基于债的核心要义进行的统一化努力,是准确理解后世债法发展变化的基础。债是两个自由主体之间的协作亦或包含一方对另一方的支配,一直是债的概念理解上的分歧,也成为中世纪以降债的理念的分野。萨维尼对罗马原始文献的解读,对罗马法体系的发展做出了重要贡献。当代各国民法典对债法的编排体例呈现出多元化的特点,但都基本在继承罗马法的基础上有所创新。随着社会生活的逐渐复杂化,债法的内容也不断丰富,部分国家的民法典将商事、劳动、消费等规范纳入其中,呈现出鲜明的开放性特征。债法具体规范的制定需要债法总则的指导,核心是"以人为本"。

Reflections on the Concept of Obligation and Its Status in Legal System

The law of obligation is the primary discipline to surpass uniform laws stipulated by sovereign nations or by all areas within a nation. Based on the Istitutes,it is fundamental to explore the concept of obli-gation and its scope so as to understand the category of obligations in Roman law and the uniform statutory en-deavors centered on the core concept of obligation so as to precisely conceive afterwards development of the law of obligation. The concept of obligation has been divided into two parts since the Middle Ages,namely,the obligation of cooperation between two individuals of free will or the obligation including instructions made by one party to the other. Savigny has made tremendous contributions to the development of Roman law system by his interpretations of Roman original literature. The contemporary counties have demonstrated their civic codes with various features of compiling the law on obligation though mostly based on Roman law with some innova-tion. As social life becomes complicated,so will be the content of obligation law. Several countries have inte-grated commercial law,labor law and consumer law into their civil codes with a distinct open feature. The spe-cific regulations of obligation law should be stipulated in accordance with the general provisions focusing on the principle of“people-oriented”.