允协情法:民初行政诉讼中的审判技艺——以《平政院裁决录存》为素材的考察

民初平政院对行政处分的审查并不局限于合法性层面,而是通过形成和运用"允协情法"的审判技艺,深入合理性层面制约监督行政权。在民初行政审判实践中,"法外求情"是当事人的惯常做法,"酌情准法"则是平政院的基本立场。平政院在坚持合法性审查的前提下,通过引入"情理"作为裁决准据和在建议中落实"情理"等方式,进行实质的合理性审查,又从法律、事实和裁量等方面确立了"允协情法"的法治限度。由此,作为治理秩序建构者的民初平政院,得以在近代化的行政审判中,以"允协情法"的传统司法技艺实现"杜讼息争"的现实治理目标。其中的经验智慧,作为历史初心,对于深刻理解当代中国行政诉讼所肩负的助力国家治理现代化之重任,不无裨益和启示。

Coordinating“Qing”and“Fa”:the Judicial Artistry of Administrative Trial Practice in the Early Republic of China——Focusing on the Pingzhengyuan’s Judgement Collection

The Pingzhengyuan’s review to administrative act in the Early Republic of China,was not limited to the legitimacy level,but restricting and supervision the administrative power at the rationality level by formation and application of the judicial artistry named Coordinating"Qing"and"Fa".In Pingzhengyuan’s trial practice,in fact,"Fa Wai Qiu Qing"was the parties’usual behaviour,while"Zhuo Qing Zhun Fa"was Pingzhengyuan’s basic position.Under the premise of persisting the legitimacy review,Pingzhengyuan carried out the substantive rationality review by leading in the"Qing Li"as judicial basis and implementing"Qing Li"through judicial suggestions,while established the legal limitation of coordinating"Qing"and"Fa"from aspects of law,facts and discretion.Thus,as the constructor of governance order,Pingzhengyuan could achieve the realistic goal of"Du Song Xi Zheng"by the traditional artistry of coordinating"Qing"and"Fa"in modern administrative trial.The wisdom and experience of Pingzhengyuan’s trial practice,as historical mind,is undoubtedly helpful and enlightenment to deeply understanding the important task of modernization the national governance carried by contemporary Chinese administrative litigation.