Understanding Victim Support as Crime Prevention Work: The Construction of Young Victims and Villains in the Dominant Crime Victim Discourse in Sweden

Starting from the observation that a new victim category has emerged in the form of the ‘young crime victim’, this article explores the notion of support to young crime victims as crime prevention work, considering it as an important constituent of the dominant crime victim discourse among support professionals. In the context of the support work, the (young) ‘victim’ and the (young) ‘villain’ provide mutually necessary counterparts constructed in relation to each other. Corresponding to this division, two approaches in criminal and crime prevention policy and practice are then analysed using Garland's notions of ‘the criminology of the self’ and ‘the criminology of the other’. The first of these strategies is generally associated with rehabilitative measures (with the resulting normalization of the crime, its victims, and villains), while in the second punitive measures remain the norm (with the crime, its victims, and villains becoming ‘Otherized’). Yet, as shown within the context of rehabilitation organized as support to young crime victims, both of these (at first glance mutually contradictory) discourses are drawn upon and operationalized by the professional support staff constructing images of young victims and villains in their daily work. Help-seeking youths resistant to identifying as victims remain represented as (possible future) villains.     

论共同过失犯罪

关于共同过失犯罪问题,刑法理论界和司法实践部门聚讼颇多,特别是围绕共同过失犯罪能否成立共同犯罪的问题,国内外刑法理论界更是长期存在着肯定与否定之争,难以形成基本的共识。面对我国现代社会发展的新形势,立足于刑事司法实践,借鉴于前人的研究成果,应从正确贯彻刑事政策、完善刑法理论、正确理解共同过失的构造、正确追究刑事责任、兼顾诉讼便利等方面确认共同过失犯罪应当成立共同犯罪。     

论“套路贷”犯罪的刑事规制及其完善

“套路贷”犯罪是以非法占有为目的,假借民间借贷之名、行非法侵占他人财物之实的新型犯罪,具有犯罪意图的侵财性、犯罪手段的隐蔽性、犯罪团伙的组织性和犯罪后果的严重性等特征。我国对“套路贷”犯罪的立法规制,总体上契合惩处“套路贷”犯罪的情势与实际需要,但也存在一些问题。当前,对“套路贷”犯罪的司法规制呈现民多刑少的格局,规制的主要罪名是诈骗罪、敲诈勒索罪,规制的核心标准是划清“套路贷”犯罪与高利贷、非法讨债行为的界限。改进“套路贷”犯罪的刑事规制,应确立“重重轻轻,以重为主”的刑事政策,在《刑法》中增设套路贷诈骗罪,健全“套路贷”案件的刑民衔接机制,探索“套路贷”犯罪案件专业化办理机制,积极推行“套路贷”犯罪案例指导制度。     

转化犯基本问题探究

转化犯 ,是指行为在成立基础犯罪之后又具备了另一密切相关的更为严重的犯罪构成要件或者其他事实特征 ,刑法明文规定按后一较重的犯罪论处的犯罪形态。转化犯有如下特征 :基础行为必须构成犯罪 ;基础犯罪与转化犯罪性质不同 ,并且后者重于前者 ;转化条件的发生紧接于基础行为之后 ,或者在基础行为持续期间 ;转化条件独立符合转化犯罪的构成要件 ,或者基础犯罪并转化条件符合或者大致符合转化犯罪的构成要件 ;转化犯是法定的一罪 ,以刑法规定为限。转化犯包括典型转化犯与准型转化犯。我国《刑法》有 10个条文规定了转化犯 ,其中有些立法值得考究     

Spatio-Temporal Change of Crime at Provincial Scale in China—Since the Economic Reform

China has undergone tremendous social changes during the transition since the Economic Reform, and this paper did a comparative study on crime change patterns among provinces both spatially and temporally. The results indicated that (1) regional differences on crime levels and temporal change trends were largely influenced, or even been shaped, by the outcomes brought by economic reform, such as priority developmental policies, geographical location, transportation facilities, etc. For example, spatially, more developed areas with more governmental policy supports not only saw dramatic development during the economic reform but also showed higher criminal rates and greater criminal rate variation. (2) The relationships between criminal rates and corresponding contextual conditions vary by temporal scales (long-run and short-run), regions, target areas’ features and their different development policy priorities; (3) experiences from Western theories and empirical studies cannot be applied directly into the Chinese society, without taking into consideration of the spatial-temporal scales and target’s specialities; it is also suggestive to local policy-makers and governmental agencies that crime reduction and prevention measures should not be identical to other places and need to be made according to local characteristics.     

有组织犯罪刑罚之比较研究--兼论我国刑法关于有组织犯罪刑罚规定的完善

有组织犯罪目前已成为各国普遍关注的热点问题.本文通过对各国关于有组织犯罪刑罚的具体规定比较,建议我国刑法对有组织犯罪的刑罚规定从以下几方面予以完善:扩大财产刑的适用范围;增加规定其他附加刑;并且,对有组织犯罪的犯罪分子在刑罚执行过程中应予以一定的限制,以贯彻对有组织犯罪从严打击的刑事政策.     

重返犯罪构成原点——以犯罪构成塑成刑事法学研究新范式

犯罪构成是兼具实体法和程序法双重属性的刑事范畴,在刑事一体化理念被提出以实现刑事学科整合研究的背景下,应将传统的犯罪构成模型加以改进,确立犯罪构成的实践模式,作为刑事一体化理念的基础性实施机制,以突破当下刑事法在研究进路上的困境。     

Correctional officer attitudes toward inmates and working with inmates in a “get tough” era

The past few decades have seen an ideological shift to a more punitive attitude in policy and practice toward crime and criminal offenders. This study examined the orientation of local correctional officers toward inmates and worked with inmates to ascertain whether their attitudes mirror this punitive inclination. Findings indicate that despite the more punitive sentiment among the public and policymakers, officers still do not express a punitive attitude toward inmates and generally support rehabilitation programs for inmates. The study also looked at the impact of several individual characteristic and work variables on officer attitudes. Results show work variables are more strongly associated with attitudes among correctional officers. The implications of this research for correctional management are discussed.     

New Labour – New Penology? Punitive Rhetoric and the Limits of Managerialism in Criminal Justice Policy

This paper argues that New Labour's 'tough' stance on law and order has given rise to a criminal justice policy which is based on fundamental contradictions and which involves a substantial retreat from traditional socialist thinking on crime. The continuation of a populist punitive approach ensures the predominance in policy making of a 'criminology of the other' which, in turn, sustains a 'punishment deficit' which fuels public expectations that crime can be controlled effectively by a policy of deterrence through punishment. This populist punitiveness, it is argued, is at odds with another strand of government penal policy, the attempt to secure greater efficiencies and economies by an intensification of managerialism throughout the criminal justice system.     

论交通肇事犯罪人的特点及刑事责任

交通肇事犯罪人属于一般自然人主体,具有与传统犯罪人不同的性格特征,交通肇事犯罪人在主观上是过失心态。行为人交通肇事后逃逸是我国刑法规定的加重处罚情形,交通肇事犯罪人的共犯是我国刑法规定的特殊处罚情形,交通肇事后行为人遗弃被害人的,应当按故意杀人罪或故意伤害罪处罚。应当从刑事立法、刑事政策、犯罪学理论三方面入手,加强对交通肇事犯罪人的预防和惩处,有效防止交通肇事罪的发生。     

论刑事一体化视角的危险驾驶罪

近十年来,危险驾驶罪逐步成为我国刑法体系中发案数位列第一的罪名。但是,每年将30万左右的人贴上罪犯标签并使之承担过重的犯罪附随后果,甚至沦为社会的对立面,这无论对于国家、社会还是危险驾驶者个人来说,都是巨大损失,属于司法和个人的“两败俱伤”。基于刑事一体化的理念,有必要对危险驾驶罪进行体系化治理。实务中直接适用“但书”规定得出无罪结论是一种大而化之的做法,存在说理不足、与罪刑法定原则相抵触的“硬伤”。“但书”规定只能在行为缺乏刑事不法,以及虽具备刑事不法但存在免责事由,从而缺乏处罚必要性等事实得以确认之后才能有限适用。为限定本罪的适用范围,在司法上,需要准确理解本罪的客观构成要件要素,尤其要对抽象危险进行必要的司法“印证式”判断,以确定立法者所预设的法益危险是否存在,妥当认定违法阻却事由,准确认定本罪的自首,提高缓刑适用率,将认罪认罚之后的从宽处罚落到实处;在立法政策上,有必要根据犯罪发生的实证数据进行调整,适度提高入罪门槛,将“醉驾型”危险驾驶罪限定为“不能安全驾驶”的情形,同时配套修改公职人员政务处分法,建立轻微犯罪的前科消灭制度,以有效降低犯罪的附随效果;在犯罪的情境预防方面,强制汽车制造商安装车载酒精监测装置是减少犯罪的关键手段。     

再论计算机犯罪概念

犯罪学与刑法学都以犯罪作为主要的研究对象,但是由于两种学科的任务和目的不同,导致犯罪学与刑法学是两种不同的语言环境。计算机犯罪概念在犯罪学和刑法学的定义中也会存在较大的差异,此差异是目前计算机犯罪概念难以形成统一认识的最重要的原因。如果在犯罪学语境中定义计算机犯罪,那么计算机犯罪的外延包括以计算机作为犯罪对象的计算机犯罪和以计算机作为犯罪工具的计算机犯罪。     

论四要件犯罪构成理论的合理性暨对中国刑法学体系的坚持

主张取消四要件犯罪构成理论,推翻现行中国刑法学体系的观点是不可取的。四要件犯罪构成理论是一种历史性的选择,具有历史合理性;符合中国国情,具有现实合理性;逻辑严密、契合认识规律、符合犯罪本质特征,具有内在合理性;与德日三阶层犯罪论体系相比,相对稳定、适合中国诉讼模式,具有优势。当前应坚持罪-责-刑的中国刑法学体系,同时,也应改变静态的研究方法,加强刑事责任理论的探索,注重具体问题的解决,进一步促进中国刑法学体系的完善。     

刑事政策下的犯罪构成研究

刑事政策与犯罪构成关系密切。从渊源上考察,是近代刑事政策催生出科学、公正认定犯罪需要的犯罪构成,故刑事政策对犯罪构成具有先决性,这也使得在内容上刑事政策要求犯罪构成应具有人权保障的功能和机制。从二者演进发展历程看,即使在近代刑事政策产生之前,古代朴素刑事政策即已对认定犯罪产生影响。自启蒙思想始,科学主义刑事政策、人文主义刑事政策、人道主义刑事政策都对犯罪构成的体系及内容产生过深刻影响,犯罪构成成为刑事政策在规范刑法中的延伸。作为舶来品的我国的犯罪构成从产生到现在都与我国的刑事政策相脱节,其应对当今刑事政策之人道和法治原则、宽严相济之内容等进行应有的回应。     

犯罪概念的哲学思考

犯罪概念理论经历了从形式的概念到实质的概念,又从实质的概念到形式与实质相统一的概念,再从统一的概念到形式与实质相分裂的概念这样一个发展过程,成为刑法学的一大困惑。在这个问题上,外国刑法学最终走向了不可知论,而中国刑法学则滑向了形而上学唯物论。之所以出现这种局面,其原因在于到目前为止,中外刑法学都只是孤立、片面、静止地研究犯罪概念,不了解概念的相互联系和运动发展。犯罪概念是由先于刑法的社会物质生活条件所决定的,刑法的任务不在于解决犯罪概念问题,而在于运用已先于自己而存在的犯罪概念来作出判断。刑事司法的任务是在刑法判断的基础上作进一步的推理。犯罪概念的形成、运用犯罪概念所进行的刑法判断、以及运用犯罪概念和刑法判断所进行的刑事司法推理,是犯罪概念运动的一个完整过程,在这个过程中,犯罪作为一个概念它是统一的,不存在形式概念与实质概念之分,也不存在立法概念与司法概念之分。     

Punitive Restoration and Restorative Justice

Criminal justice policy faces the twin challenges of improving our crime reduction efforts while increasing public confidence. These challenges are exacerbated by the fact that at least some measures popular with the public are counterproductive to greater crime reduction. How to achieve greater crime reduction without sacrificing public confidence? While restorative justice approaches offer a promising alternative to traditional sentencing with the potential to achieve these goals, they suffer from several serious obstacles, not least their relatively limited applicability, flexibility, and public support. Punitive restoration is a new and distinctive idea about restorative justice modeled on an important principle of stakeholding, which states that those who have a stake in penal outcomes should have a say about them. Punitive restoration is restorative insofar as it aims to achieve the restoration of rights infringed or threatened by criminal offences. Punitive restoration is punitive insofar as the available options for this agreement are more punitive than found in most restorative justice approaches, such as the option of some form of hard treatment. Punitive restoration sheds new light on how we may meet the twin challenges of improving our efforts to reduce reoffending without sacrificing public confidence, demonstrating how restorative practices can be embedded deeper within the criminal justice system.     

犯罪理论体系研究论纲

犯罪理论体系是刑法理论体系的基础和核心。犯罪理论体系的形成和发展受到哲学和刑法学派的影响和制约。古典犯罪理论体系、新古典犯罪理论体系和目的主义犯罪理论体系各有优劣 ,中国刑法学者应博采众长、兼收并蓄 ,在继承和借鉴的基础上 ,勇于创新和超越 ,形成中国特色的犯罪理论体系。     

论“因侵权而犯罪”与“因犯罪而侵权”

刑事侵权具备"刑事责任"、"侵权责任"双重责任属性,由于刑、民责任在发展进程、互动的路径及效果上的不同,可分化为"因侵权而犯罪"与"因犯罪而侵权",即刑事侵权二分论。"因侵权而犯罪"具有民事责任倾向性,"因犯罪而侵权"具有刑事责任倾向性,解决刑事侵权责任问题须兼顾侵权责任法与刑事法的正义要求。刑民二分论有坚实的法律基础,符合法律价值基础的要求,当刑事责任与侵权责任进行内容接轨与功能互补时,可在实践中实现预期的价值目标和社会效益的最大化。     

The “Tough on Crime” Competition: a Network Approach to Understanding the Social Mechanisms Leading to Federal Crime Control Legislation in the United States from 1973–2014

The increase in punitive sentiment in America over the last four decades is frequently attributed to changes in criminal justice policies and programs. While scholars have studied the impact of legislation and policy on justice system outcomes, less attention has focused on the role of political actors in legislative bodies who are largely responsible for enacting criminal justice legislation. The current study addresses this gap by examining the social organization of federal crime control policy in the U.S. Congress over a forty-two year period (1973–2014). Drawing from research on social network mechanisms, we examine whether crime control legislation was more politically attractive relative to other legislative topics, and whether Democrats and Republicans pursue these policies by working together or competing against each other. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms that contributed to the punitive movement at the federal level.     

矫正犯罪统计策略研究

犯罪统计是研究犯罪手段、特征和原因,预测未来犯罪,制定刑事政策的重要方法和依据.受到各种因素影响,犯罪统计不实是长期存在的问题.由于犯罪统计数据和资料的不实影响了犯罪统计的功能.通过利用数理统计学原理对犯罪统计不实进行分析和矫正,从统计分析方法角度发现问题和解决问题.