人脑挫伤周围早期星形胶质细胞反应 定性定量分析初步研究

目的探讨脑挫伤灶周围早期反应性肿胀和增生胶质细胞的生物学特性和法医学意义。方法应用常规HE染色、GFAP免疫组化染色和图像分析技术,对尸检人脑组织挫伤周围星形胶质细胞反应进行定性定量分析。结果脑挫伤周围星形胶质细胞在伤后很短时间内（小于5分钟）即可反应性肿胀和增生;随伤后经过时间延长,肿胀程度逐渐减弱;星形胶质细胞反应与脑挫伤的部位有一定关系。结论这种反应性星形胶质细胞有可能作为诊断轻度脑挫伤和判断脑挫伤早期损伤经过时间的指标。     

人脑挫伤周围早期星形胶质细胞反应定性定量分析初步研究

目的：探讨脑挫伤灶周围早期反应性肿胀和增生胶质细胞的生物学特性和法医学意义。方法：应用常规HE染色、GFAP免疫组织化染色和图像分析技术,对尸检人脑组织挫伤周围星形胶质细胞反应进行定性定量分析。结果：脑挫伤周围星形胶质细胞在伤后很短时间内（小于5分钟）即可反应性肿胀和增生;随伤后经过时间延长,肿瘤程度逐渐减弱;星形胶质细胞反应与脑挫伤的部位有一定关系。结论：这种反应性星形胶质细胞有可能作为诊断轻度脑挫伤和判断脑挫伤早期损伤经过时间的指标。     

脑挫伤大鼠胶质细胞GFAP、S100的表达及其损伤时间的推断

目的观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和S100的表达,观察脑损伤后星形胶质细胞随脑损伤时间的变化规律,研究其在脑损伤及神经修复中的作用。方法建立脑挫伤模型,利用免疫组化染色(SP法)观察大鼠脑挫伤后GFAP、S100在伤后不同时间星形细胞中的表达。并应用图像分析技术对其作定量统计分析处理。结果(1)伤后1h时GFAP阳性表达开始增多,阳性物质表达随时间大致呈线性上升7d达最大值,然后阳性物质染色强度和面积呈下降趋势。(2)伤后12h组可见S100阳性表达活性增高,S100阳性细胞数目逐渐增多,5d时达高峰后显著下降,但仍高于对照组。结论脑挫伤后星形胶质细胞的表达水平的变化有一定时间规律性,在脑挫伤时间推断中及神经组织修复中有一定作用。     

人脑挫伤后细胞周期素D1表达的变化

目的研究CyclinD1在人不同部位脑挫伤组织中表达的变化及其与损伤时间的关系。方法88例脑挫伤标本按损伤后存活时间0.5,1,3,24h和3,7,14,30d分为8个实验组,另以6例非脑挫伤的脑作为对照组,应用CyclinD1免疫组织化学并结合图像分析技术观察CyclinD1的变化。结果脑挫伤后,挫伤灶中央CyclinD1阳性细胞几乎丧失,1h后挫伤灶周围CyclinD1阳性细胞开始增加,3h～30d之间各组挫伤灶周围免疫阳性反应的细胞增加显著,在3h～30d一直维持在较高水平;CyclinD1主要见于小胶质细胞和其它胶质细胞,少数神经元也呈阳性。结论人脑挫伤后,CyclinD1在多种脑细胞内表达,以胶质细胞表达明显,CyclinD1阳性细胞在伤后不久即显著增加,故可作为早期脑损伤的诊断指标。     

大鼠脑挫伤后组织学及Bax/Bcl-2表达的研究

采用自制大鼠右顶叶局灶性脑挫伤模型,进行组织学和 Bax/Bcl－ 2的免疫组织化学法研究。结果发现 :伤后 12h～ 24h,挫伤灶周围神经细胞和星形胶质细胞形态学发生改变,白细胞附壁和游出;伤后 4d,挫伤灶周围出现大量的泡沫细胞和核大而深染的星形胶质细胞; 8～ 10d,挫伤灶处形成软化灶; 12～ 14d,挫伤灶愈合变成胶质细胞结节,或者变成囊状,可见大量的星型胶质细胞及新生毛细血管,可见含铁血黄素颗粒沉积。 Bax/Bcl－ 2表达水平与伤后经历时间有一定相关性。     

人脑挫伤后神经丝蛋白NF200表达的变化

目的研究人脑挫伤后NF200在脑组织中神经元及轴索中表达的变化。方法88例闭合性脑挫伤标本,按损伤时间分为0.5h、1h、3h、24h、3d、7d、14d和30d共8个实验组,另以6例非脑挫伤的脑作为对照组,应用NF200免疫组织化学染色,结合图像分析技术,观察伤后不同时间NF200的变化。结果脑挫伤后0.5h和1h组,挫伤灶内及边缘NF200免疫组化染色几乎阴性;随时间的延长,挫伤灶内残存神经元及其周围神经元NF200染色逐渐增强,甚至发生核内转移;挫伤灶周围轴索在伤后出现波浪状扭曲、肿胀和断裂,最早在24h组出现收缩球(retractionball,RB),7d组轴索病变最明显,可见大量RB。图像分析发现伤后0.5h组和1h组,脑挫伤部位NF200阳性细胞的平均光密度(AOD)下降,其后逐渐升高,在14d组或30d组达高峰。结论脑损伤后NF200变化有一定规律性,并可用于诊断轴索损伤(AI),免疫组织化学结合结合图像分析技术在推断脑损伤时间上的有一定参考价值。     

大鼠创伤性脑损伤后Bcl-2及Fas-L的表达

目的 观察大鼠创伤性脑损伤后,脑组织中Bcl-2及Fas-L不同时间的表达变化,探讨其与脑损伤经过时间的关系。方法 自由落体法制作大鼠脑创伤模型,在伤后不同时间处死动物并取材后,进行Bcl-2、Fas-L免疫组织化学(SP法)和HE染色观察;图像处理大鼠脑挫伤后不同时间Bcl-2及Fas-L免疫反应阳性细胞并进行统计学分析。结果 染色阳性细胞主要分布在挫伤灶的周围。Bcl-2在伤后30min即有阳性表达,后逐渐加深;至伤后4h达高峰,然后随时间延长,阳性细胞染色强度逐渐减弱。脑挫伤后30min,损伤灶的周围即出现Fas-L阳性表达,随后呈缓慢增长;从伤后4h,Fas-L阳性反应的程度及数量逐渐显著增加。结论 脑挫伤后Bcl-2和Fas-L的表达在伤后不同时间,呈现一定的规律性变化。     

HSP70表达与脑挫伤经过时间的关系

目的观察大鼠脑挫伤后不同时间内HSP70蛋白表达的变化关系,探讨其与脑损伤时间的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学染色观察自由落体撞击大鼠脑挫伤后HSP70蛋白在伤后不同时间(0.5h、6h、12h、24h、3d、7d、14d、28d)表达情况。结果0.5h伤侧皮质挫伤灶周围HSP70阳性细胞表达开始增强,12h达高峰,24h降至较低,3d又再次升高,以后逐渐下降,28d恢复至正常对照组水平。结论HSP70免疫组化染色可以作为法医学推断早期脑损伤时间的敏感性指标之一;HSP70可作为判断脑损伤是否存在及区分生前和死后脑损伤的重要标志。     

HSP70表达与脑挫伤经过时间的关系

目的观察大鼠脑挫伤后不同时间内HSP70蛋白表达的变化关系,探讨其与脑损伤时间的关系.方法应用免疫组织化学染色观察自由落体撞击大鼠脑挫伤后HSP70蛋白在伤后不同时间（0.5 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、3 d、7 d、14 d、28 d）表达情况.结果0.5 h伤侧皮质挫伤灶周围HSP70阳性细胞表达开始增强,12 h达高峰,24 h降至较低,3 d又再次升高,以后逐渐下降,28 d恢复至正常对照组水平.结论HSP70免疫组化染色可以作为法医学推断早期脑损伤时间的敏感性指标之一;HSP70可作为判断脑损伤是否存在及区分生前和死后脑损伤的重要标志.     

大鼠脑挫伤后GFAP和iNOS表达与损伤时间关系的实验研究

目的　观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)和诱导型—氧化氮合成酶 (iNOS)的表达及其时相性的关系 ,试图寻找法医学脑损伤时间的推断方法。方法　建立脑挫伤的动物模型 ,采用免疫组织化学技术 (SABC法 )观察大鼠脑挫伤后GFAP及iNOS在伤后不同时间的表达。染色结果用计算机彩色图像分析技术作定量统计分析处理。结果　 ( 1)伤后 3h时GFAP阳性表达细胞开始增多 ,1d和 5d组单个阳性细胞染色强度达峰值 ,但在 3d组相对邻近组却下降 ,呈现出一双峰波形 ,7d达最大值 ;阳性物质总面积自 3h时表达增多开始后一直增加 ,直到 7d时达高峰。 ( 2 )伤后 12h组可见iNOS活性增高 ,并随伤后存活时间的延长 ,iNOS阳性细胞数目 (或阳性物质总面积 )逐渐增多 ,单个细胞染色强度逐渐加深。伤后 1d至 3d组阳性物质总面积达到高峰 ,5d后开始下降 ,但 7d时仍维持较高水平 ;而单个细胞染色强度随伤后存活时间的延长而加深 ,于 5d时达高峰后显著下降 ,但高于起始水平。结论　脑挫伤后GFAP和iNOS在损伤局部的染色变化有一定的时间规律性 ,可以用于脑挫伤的时间推断。     

87例大脑及脑干挫伤HSP70变化的研究

目的探讨人大脑及脑干挫伤后神经细胞HSP70变化与损伤时间的关系及大脑与脑干HSP70变化的差异。方法对87例闭合性颅脑损伤死亡脑挫伤组织进行病理学及HSP70免疫组织化学染色,结果进行图像分析。结果脑挫伤24h后.HSP70阳性神经细胞最多见,且免疫反应性最强,随后逐渐下降,14d组及30d组HSP70表达与对照组类似。脑挫伤部位可见较多HSP70阳性的淀粉样小体。图像分析显示大脑与脑干HSP70阳性细胞3个参数(A、IOD及AOD)之间呈高度显著正相关或显著正相关,由高至低排列为:A>IOD>AOD。结论神经细胞HSP70免疫组化染色结合图像分析技术作为推断脑挫伤经过时间的参考,大脑与脑干挫伤后神经细胞HSP70变化规律基本一致,但脑挫伤灶周围淀粉样小体形成的意义有待于进一步研究。     

Extravasation of plasma proteins in brain trauma

The cellular distribution of extravasated plasma proteins in cortical contusions was studied with an immunoperoxidase method using polyclonal antibodies against human plasma albumin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, transferrin, hemopexin, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, fibronectin and immunoglobulin G. The material consisted of 24 human autopsy brains with a primary diagnosis of cerebral contusion due to blunt trauma. The time interval between injury and death ranged between minutes and 7 years. Immediately after the trauma, a complete breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) occurred with hemorrhage and extravasation of all types of plasma proteins. This was followed by spreading of edema fluid within the extracellular space in and around the wound. Uptake of extravasated protein by glial cells began on the 3rd day followed by proliferation of reactive astrocytes whose ample cytoplasm appeared to serve as a reservior for the extravasated plasma proteins. Within the reactive astrocytes, plasma proteins and S-100 protein had a similar and diffuse distribution in the immunostained sections. The plasma proteins once incorporated into the glial cells remained unchanged for several years with little sign of degradation. It is suggested that the extravasated plasma proteins subsequent to uptake and processing by the glial cells, may serve some important physiological function in wound healing.     

大鼠脑挫伤后脑组织β-APP表达与损伤时间的关系

目的观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后不同时间内脑组织β淀粉样前体蛋白（β-APP）表达的变化,探讨β-APP与脑损伤经过时间的关系。方法参照Feeney’s法建立大鼠脑挫伤模型,在伤后1h,4h,12h,48h,72h,7d,14d,运用免疫组化SABC法和Westernblot法检测β-APP的表达,以非损伤组做对照。结果β-APP出现于损伤后1h,4h开始增加至12h达到高峰,随后阳性反应细胞逐渐减少,7d后仍有少量表达但仍高于对照组,14d后表达基本恢复至接近对照组水平,各实验组与对照组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论β-APP在脑挫伤后随时间的变化,其表达呈现先逐渐增加后又减少的一定规律性变化。     

血栓调节蛋白表达与大鼠脑挫伤时间的相关性

目的观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后不同时问内脑组织、血浆中血栓调节蛋白（TM）的变化,探讨其与损伤经过时间的关系。方法参照Feeney’S法建立大鼠脑挫伤模型,在伤后1h、4h、8h、12h、24h、3d、7d7个时问点提取心帆及脑组织检材,运用酶联免疫法（ELISA法）检测f血浆TM含量,用免疫组织化学方法检测脑组织中TM刖性表达。检测数据应川SPSS13．0统计软件分析处理。结果与对照组比较,TM的阳性表达、IOD值和血浆含量存挫伤后4h开始增加,至24h达到高峰,随后逐渐减少,伤后3dTM血浆含量仍高于对照组,7d后基本恢复至对照纰水平。伤后4h～3d之间各组与对照组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论脑挫伤后TM表达随时间变化的规律性有助于推断呐损伤时间。     

The expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in traumatic brain injury

It is well recognized that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter, which is removed from the synaptic cleft by excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) located on the perisynaptic astrocytes and that neuronal death has been associated with an increased extracellular glutamate concentration. In this study, we have immunohistochemically demonstrated the expression of EAAT2 protein in the human brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The EAAT2 expression patterns can be divided into three types: continuous and highly extensive staining (E); continuous but sporadic staining (M); and sporadic pattern staining (S). In six of the nine short survival cases studied (1 h to 1 day), continuous and highly extensive staining for EAAT2 (E type) was observed in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. On the other hand, we were able to demonstrate weak staining (S and M types) in 5 of the 7 long survival cases (> or =1 day) and in 12 of the 14 very short survival cases (<1 h) studied. Similar findings were obtained in the contralateral cerebral cortex and also in the ipsilateral hippocampus. In addition, positive staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein was detected around the cerebral contusion, but the EAAT2-positive expression was not observed in the same region for all of the six short and long survival cases (> or =1 h) after TBI. These findings clearly showed the differences in EAAT2 expression in the cerebral cortex according to the survival time and severity of cerebral contusion after TBI. Therefore, we emphasized that EAAT2 might play an important role in contributing to extracellular glutamate concentrations and secondary brain injury after TBI.     

The expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in traumatic brain injury

It is well recognized that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter, which is removed from the synaptic cleft by excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) located on the perisynaptic astrocytes and that neuronal death has been associated with an increased extracellular glutamate concentration. In this study, we have immunohistochemically demonstrated the expression of EAAT2 protein in the human brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The EAAT2 expression patterns can be divided into three types: continuous and highly extensive staining (E); continuous but sporadic staining (M); and sporadic pattern staining (S). In six of the nine short survival cases studied (1 h to 1 day), continuous and highly extensive staining for EAAT2 (E type) was observed in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. On the other hand, we were able to demonstrate weak staining (S and M types) in 5 of the 7 long survival cases (≥1 day) and in 12 of the 14 very short survival cases (<1 h) studied. Similar findings were obtained in the contralateral cerebral cortex and also in the ipsilateral hippocampus. In addition, positive staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein was detected around the cerebral contusion, but the EAAT2-positive expression was not observed in the same region for all of the six short and long survival cases (≥1 h) after TBI. These findings clearly showed the differences in EAAT2 expression in the cerebral cortex according to the survival time and severity of cerebral contusion after TBI. Therefore, we emphasized that EAAT2 might play an important role in contributing to extracellular glutamate concentrations and secondary brain injury after TBI.