成人肾脏ABO组织血型1-4型糖链H物质的分布

目的观察1型H、2型H及3/4型H糖链在成人肾组织中的分布及其与分泌状态的关系。方法 应用抗ABO抗体及3种糖链特异的单克隆抗H抗体的免疫组织化学方法,检查分泌型与非分泌型个体肾组织中相应抗原物质的分布。结果 在分泌型和非分泌型人的肾远曲小管均表达2型H和3/4型H物质,1型H和3/4型H物质只在分泌型人肾集合管表达,在非分泌型人中不表达。另外集合管的2型H物质的表达与分泌状态无关。结论 人肾组织有ABH物质的表达,不同肾组织细胞表达的H物质结构差异与AB0型分泌状态有关。     

Discrimination of paper-based kraft tapes using Fourier transform of transmitted light images

This study focused on two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) as a new technique for the discrimination of kraft tapes, which is a kind of adhesive packing tape. The 2D power spectrum (2D-PS) obtained by applying 2D-FFT to an image enables us to obtain information about the spatial periodicity, even if the periodicity is invisible within the image. However, in the case of kraft tape, peaks in the 2D-PS are too unclear to determine its periodicity. We developed novel analytical image processes combined with 2D-FFT. 2D-FFT was applied to 50 randomly selected areas in a transmitted light image of kraft tape. The 2D-PSs were calculated from each area without applying a logarithmic transformation, accumulated, and processed by the removal of the area surrounding the center, and finally normalized for visualization. These processes enhanced the peaks and eliminated local variations. Through an intra-roll comparison, the 2D-PSs collected from a roll were similar in the location of the peaks and in their patterns at low frequency area. Using an inter-roll comparison, the 2D-PSs from 50 commercially available brand-name products were classified into 26 groups based on these peaks and patterns. All results demonstrate that this method, which is convenient, rapid, and non-destructive, could be a valuable tool for the identification of kraft tapes.     

Reconstruction of the angle of shot by using computed radiography of the head

In a case of murder by a single .22 caliber bullet fragmented in the head, determination of the trajectory was a key issue in identifying which of 2 windows, 1 of which was associated with 2 suspects, was the site of fire. For this purpose, we processed the computed tomography of the victim's head by using a radiation therapy planning system called Plato, which is routinely used in radiation oncology. This tool provided a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the cranio-cerebral lesions and a spatial location of bullet and bone fragments. In this article is described the more intuitive relationship with forensic and ballistic data obtained from the 3-dimensional visualization and the physical and mathematical analysis used to calculate the angle of shot.     

从使用武力法看保护的责任理论

保护的责任是21世纪初国际上出现的新理论。将该理论中的军事干涉因素与《联合国宪章》关于使用武力的规定进行比较,观察近10年来国际社会的有关实践,可以认为该理论并未在国际法上改变现行的使用武力法规则,国际社会对该理论中军事干涉问题并未形成共识。现阶段对以军事手段实施保护责任应持谨慎态度。     

A Multimodal Fusion Approach for Bullet Identification Systems

In the field of forensic science, bullet identification is based on the fact that firing the cartridge from a barrel leaves exclusive microscopic striation on the fired bullets as the fingerprint of the firearm. The bullet identification methods are categorized in 2‐D and 3‐D based on their image acquisition techniques. In this study, we focus on 2‐D optical images using a multimodal technique and propose several distinct methods as its modalities. The proposed method uses a multimodal rule‐based linear weighted fusion approach which combines the semantic level decisions from different modalities with a linear technique that its optimized modalities weights have been identified by the genetic algorithm. The proposed approach was applied on a dataset, which includes 180 2‐D bullet images fired from 90 different AK‐47 barrels. The experimentations showed that our approach attained better results compared to common methods in the field of bullet identification.     

The short tandem repeat locus VWF2 in Intron 40 of the von Willebrand factor gene consists of two polymorphic sub-loci

This study describes the complex nucleotide sequence structure of the TCTA short tandem repeat (STR) locus, VWF2. Eight alleles of VWF2 were observed in a population of 116 unrelated Caucasian individuals. The alleles ranged in size from 150 to 178 base pairs (bp). Sequence analysis of the isolated alleles revealed two polymorphic regions that were named sub-loci VWF2-a and VWF2-b. VWF2-a is located at the 5' end of the conventional locus, whilst VWF2-b is located at the 3' end. The two sub-loci are joined by a 30-nucleotide non-polymorphic sequence which contains two additional TCTA motif repeats. A semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was designed to amplify the VWF2-b region in conjunction with the standard VWF2 amplification. This new amplification method enabled a higher level of allele discrimination than could be achieved by assigning alleles according to size. A cohort of 99 unrelated individuals was tested with this method. VWF2-a expressed five different alleles ranging from zero motif repeats to four motif repeats, while VWF2-b alleles ranged from 8 to 14 motif repeats. Allelic configuration based on the VWF2-a and VWF2-b sub-alleles revealed 23 unique configurations out of a possible 31 for the original eight VWF2 alleles. In conclusion, the VWF2 is a highly polymorphic STR locus with potential application for forensic and parentage testing.     

固定双上肢并悬挂家兔死亡机理的研究

目的观测固定双上肢并悬挂家兔的血气变化及膈肌的肌电变化,探讨体位性窒息死亡的发生机制。方法建立家兔体位性窒息死模型,在实验前、后分别抽取家兔耳缘动脉和左心室血2m l进行血气分析,并监测实验过程中家兔膈肌肌电图(EMGd i)的变化。结果实验组与对照组均有缺氧、二氧化碳储留以及氧饱和度下降,但是实验组的二氧化碳储留比对照组低,氧饱和度比对照组高,缺氧情况比对照组低。在连续记录的EMGd i中,早期EMGd i较晚期EMGd i的高频与低频(H/L)比值显著降低,超过20%。结论固定双上肢并悬挂家兔死亡与膈肌疲劳导致缺氧窒息有关     

Biomedical image processing for age measurements of intact teeth

With increasing age the roots of teeth undergo sclerosis. The degree of dental root sclerosis can be demonstrated visually if light is transmitted through the specimen. However, this resultant image is only a two-dimensional (2-D) visualization which misrepresents what in truth is a three-dimensional (3-D) characteristic. We have described an image acquisition and computer processing system for imaging intact teeth, with special reference to the root transparency, which tends to progress from the root apex towards the neck of the teeth as a function of age. The components of our system involve: an energy source with light transmission through table-mounted dental specimens; an image processor with a digitizer; a step motor with a holder to rotate the tooth specimen; and a software package to computerize and reconstruct the sectional digital images. After rotating the position of the specimen, while at each rotation obtaining a 2-D image of the sample, we then can reconstruct the true 3-D cross-sectional or longitudinal morphology or both from these 2-D images. With this new approach, the reconstructed dental images represent segments from different angles of the tooth specimen. Picture element values in each image, quantitatively indicate the optical density, expressing the age dependent pattern of the 3-D anatomy in toto.     

Neck extension as a cause of SIDS

The intradural sagittal diameter at the second cervical vertebra (SD/C2) of 62 SIDS cases was measured myelographically. This SD/C2 proved to be dependent on body size, body weight, and age. A clear, age-dependent difference is to be found in the primarily narrow spinal canal. This parameter (SD/C2), which is more precisely defined in adults on the basis of clinical, radiological, and autopsical findings is assumed to have the value of 0.5 cm in the first 2 months, 0.6 cm in the third month, and 0.65 cm in the fourth month. The resulting potential danger to infants is dependent upon their position. The SD/C2, was significantly decreased in extension as compared to a neutral posture. With consideration of the primarily narrow spinal canal in the infant, there is, according to our measurements, a potential hazard for the infant in any further, significant shortening of the SD/C2. This is independent of the width of the spinal canal under maximal extension. We found individual cases in which the SD/C2 was decreased by almost 50% from the normal value in neutral position. No correlation was found between the primary width of the spinal canal and the degree of luminal reduction upon extension.     

FrostWire P2P forensic examinations

FrostWire is a peer-to-peer (P2P) application derived from the open source code of Limewire. Frostwire was first released in February of 2005 as a Gnutella P2P client. As interest in the Gnutella network waned, FrostWire switched in later versions to becoming a torrent client. Since the United States government shut Limewire down, FrostWire has become more popular and is seen more often in criminal investigations. This paper describes the different components of FrostWire and the useful information which can be obtained in a digital forensic examination.     

Doping control for beta-adrenergic compounds through hair analysis

An original procedure was developed to simultaneously test beta2-agonists (salbutamol and clenbuterol) and beta-blockers (atenolol, acebutolol, pindolol, betaxolol, propranolol, timolol, sotalol, metoprolol, tertatolol, bisoprolol, labetalol and oxprenolol) in both human and animal hair. After decontamination with methylene chloride (2 times, 2 min), a 200 mg hair strand is pulverized in a ball mill. Then, a 100 mg portion is incubated overnight in 2 mL 0.1 N HCl, at 56 degrees C, in the presence of carteolol, which was used as an internal standard. After neutralization of the acid phase with 0.1 N NaOH, a 2 mL bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.6) is added to the preparation, which is then purified by solid-phase extraction with Isolute C18 columns. Drugs are derivatized using a mixture of trimethylboroxine-ethyl acetate for 15 min at 80 degrees C to form methaneboronate derivatives. Drugs are detected using GC/MS on an HP 6890-5973 system. A 4 microL portion of the derivatized extract is injected using a pulsed mode in a 30 m HP5 MS capillary column. Linearity was observed for all compounds in the range 25 pg/mg to 10 ng/mg. Limits of detection were in the range 2 to 10 pg/mg. At 1 ng/mg, recoveries were in the range from 37 to 100%, with a within-run precision of 5.9 to 14.1% (n = 8). The application of the method can be documented by the following examples: (1) Hair from asthmatic patients (n - 11), including two cases of asthma deaths, tested positive for salbutamol in the range of 27 to 210 pg/mg. (2) A 24-year-old swimmer who tested positive in urine for salbutamnol denied the results. Hair analysis confirmed salbutamol exposure, with a concentration of 71 pg/mg. (3) A shooting specialist was assumed to chronically use metoprolol (100 mg/daily during some periods). Hair concentration of metoprolol was 8.41 ng/mg. (4) An archery specialist was assumed to chronically use sotalol (80 mg/daily, during some periods). Hair concentration of sotalol was 261 pg/mg. (5) Hair from two calves revealed chronic exposure to clenbuterol, which was used to increase the mass of the animals at a concentration of 30 and 48 pg/mg.     

A study of impurities found in methamphetamine synthesized from ephedrine

The synthesis of methamphetamine from ephedrine via reduction with hydriodic acid is discussed. Impurities which arise from this method are identified and rationalized. The in situ formation of iodoephedrine from ephedrine leads to trace impurities via internal substitution to 1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine, followed by retro ring-opening and hydrolysis to phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P). This ketone or the retro ring-opened aziridine further condenses in an aldol condensation followed by dehydration to give 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene and 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-naphthalene. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2-D NMR) was utilized to elucidate the structure of these impurities.     

Mitochondrial DNA in the Central European population. Human identification with the help of the forensic mt-DNA D-loop-base database

Sequencing of mtDNA is an advanced method for the individualisation of traces. Disadvantages of this method are expensive and time-consuming analysis and evaluation procedures as well as the necessary stock of population-genetic data which is still insufficient. Central European institutes of forensic medicine from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland have been working together since the beginning of 1998 to establish a mtDNA database. The aim is to build up a large stock of forensically established data and provide population-genetic data for frequency investigations, which will serve as a basis for expert opinions and scientific research. Good data quality is ensured by using original sequences only. Ring tests, which have been conducted to enhance analytical reliability, revealed a high correspondence rate of the analytical results obtained by the individual member institutes. Today 1410 sequences are available for comparison, of which 1285 sequences in the HV1 and HV2 regions cover the full ranges from 16051 to 16365 and from 73 to 340 (according to Anderson). The major part is formed by Central European sequences comprising 1256 data sets from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Today the database contains sequences from a total of 12 European, six African and three Asian countries including 100 sequences from Japan. This paper is aimed at discussing the individualisation potentials of mtDNA as well as the possibilities and limits of ethnic differentiation by means of pairwise sequence differences on the basis of the data stock available.     

大鼠脑挫伤后脑组织COX-1/COX-2的表达

目的　观察脑损伤后COX 1和COX 2蛋白表达及其时序性变化 ,探讨脑损伤的分子机制及法医学脑损伤时间推断。方法　以自由落体撞击雄性SD大鼠右顶叶制备脑挫伤模型 ,用免疫组织化学SP法处理脑组织检材 ,观察不同时间 ( 1、 3、 5、 7、 14d)脑组织COX 1/COX 2蛋白的表达情况。结果　正常及手术对照组大鼠 ,脑组织内有低水平的COX 1/COX 2表达 ;脑挫伤后 1～ 5d ,大鼠脑组织内COX 1表达逐渐增加 ,14d时仍维持在高表达水平 ;脑挫伤后 1～ 3d ,大鼠脑组织皮质内COX 2表达逐渐增加 ,1d时海马COX 2表达达高峰。结论　脑挫伤后可诱导COX 1/COX 2蛋白在脑内表达 ,并呈现出时序性变化。     

双重兔疫酶标染色法在法医病理学中的应用

本文介绍了一种双重免疫酶标染色方法（单酶法）。其原理是过氧化也物酶遇DAB－CoCl2－H2O2显蓝黑色，遇DAB－H2O2显棕黄色，两种颜色对比鲜明。将此法应用于检测法医尸检材料心和脑中的有关抗原，效果良好。该法灵敏、简便、经济，且切片可长期保存，困而有一定的实用价值。     

关于建国头17年高等教育改革的若干理论分析

我国建国头１７年的高等教育改革可以划分为两个阶段，第一阶段（１９４９－１９５６）以模仿苏联模式进行改革为主要特征，第二阶段（１９５７－１９６５）的主要特征则是偏离苏联模式，以苏联模式为蓝本建立起来的高等教育制度主要包括建立由单科院校与理科综合大学构成且以单科院校为主的大学体制；建立“大学一系”、系内设专业、教学研究组的大学内部组织结构；建立以专业为中心、按照统一的教学计划开展教学活动的教学制度。     

Assignment of agency component for review of premarket applications--FDA. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is promulgating a new regulation to describe how the agency will determine which component within FDA will have primary jurisdiction for the premarket review and regulation of: (1) A combination drug, device, or biologic product or (2) any drug, device, or biologic product where the center with primary jurisdiction is unclear or in dispute. This rule describes how to identify the agency's assigned review component which will, in most cases, eliminate the need for a sponsor to obtain approval from more than one FDA component for a combination product.     

Electron impact mass spectrometric detection of Freon in biological specimens.

Freons from an aerosol spray can were detected in the blood, liver, brain, and lung of a 14-year-old girl who died after intentional inhalation. A headspace mass spectrometric analytical technique was employed to detect the fluorocarbons. The spectra from the specimens showed the presence of m/e peaks at 101, 103, and 105 from the ion (CFCL2)+ which arises from fragmentation of trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12), and peaks at 85 and 87 from the ion (CF2Cl)+ which arises from fragmentation of dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12). The technique presented here provides greater specificity than previously reported analytical procedures for the identification of these volatile toxic chemical compounds in biological specimens.