实现正义——公平审判权在中国的发展

文章强调了一个有效的辩护援助体系对保障公平审判权的必要性。为了保障穷人能够平等地享有正义,一个国家必须拥有一套提供给他们律师的机制。文章分析了促使一个国家为她的公民建立有效公平审判权的关键因素。文章首先论述了,中国的法律援助体系在其公民权利保护进程中扮演的关键角色和继续发展法律援助对中国长远利益的必要性。其次,本文表明了,国际组织怎样通过培训和能力培养方式在支持权利保护的进程中发挥巨大作用。最后,文章指出只有充分尊重中国的自治,国际合作才能发挥更大作用。文章特别展示了IBJ的经验,以显示国际组织如何与中国政府开展合作,成功地提高中国公民权利保护水平。     

Political Liberalism, Marriage and the Family

Can and should political liberals recognize and otherwise support legal marriage as a matter of basic justice? In this article, we offer a general account of how political liberals should evaluate the issue of whether the legal recognition of marriage is a matter of basic justice. And, we develop and examine some public reason arguments that, given the fundamental interests of citizens, could justify various forms of legal marriage in some contexts. In particular, in certain conditions, the recognition of some form of legal marriage may be the best way to protect the fundamental interests of women as citizens in freely chosen associations. Or, it may be that, in certain conditions, to secure the social conditions necessary for gays, lesbians and bisexuals to be free and equal citizens, some form of legal marriage can or should be recognized.     

紧急状态下的权利保护与救济

紧急状态下为了公共利益、公共秩序的需要政府享有必要的紧急权力,包括更多的限制或剥夺公民的合法权益的权力,在法治时代这种权力也要受法律的理性规制,保护公民合法权益应是紧急状态立法的重要目的或价值取向之一;政府行使紧急权力要遵循一定的法治原则,而公民面对政府紧急权力的行使,除了享有一些不可克减的基本权利外,还应享有知情权、监督权、紧急救助请求权、申请行政复议或提起行政诉讼权、特别损失补偿权、损害赔偿请求权,从而获得有效的救济。     

New Legislation in the Union Republics with Respect to the Legal Profession

The Soviet legal profession occupies a place of honor in the system of government and public organizations whose duty it is to protect the rights and liberties of Soviet citizens and to strengthen socialist legality and order. In performing the function of defense in criminal trials and in providing other legal services to citizens, enterprises, institutions and organizations, and by vigorous activity to educate the people with respect to Soviet law, lawyers promote the defense of the rights and legal interests of the citizenry, their training in a spirit of respect for Soviet laws, prevention of crime, strengthening of socialist legality, and proper administration of justice.     

突发公共事件中公民权利的保护机制分析

在现代法治国家,为防止突发公共事件的巨大冲击力导致整个国家生活与社会秩序的全面失控,需要运用行政紧急权力并实施应急法律规范,来调整紧急情况下的国家权力之间、国家权力与公民权利之间、公民权利之间的各种社会关系,以有效控制和消除危机,恢复正常的社会生活秩序和法律秩序,维护和平衡社会公共利益与公民合法权益。为此需要对突发公共事件中的公民权利进行界定,明确界限、建立程序制度保障和救济机制,以寻求突发公共事件中行政紧急权力与公民权利保护的平衡。     

侵害人视角下的正当防卫论

为扭转我国正当防卫审判实践中长期存在的唯结果论倾向,有必要从侵害人的视角出发,对正当防卫的教义学研究重新加以审视。正当防卫的本质除了法益保护,还在于侵害人因违反不得侵害他人法益的义务,主动使自己陷入法益冲突的险境,从而使自身法益的值得保护性下降。侵害人法益值得保护性的下降程度影响着防卫权边界的划定,从而与防卫限度的判断密切相关。如果站在实施防卫行为时,综合考量侵害行为给有效防卫造成的困难、侵害人给防卫人的安全带来的危险程度,能够认定防卫行为是为有效、安全地制止不法侵害所需的最低限度反击手段,则侵害人法益的值得保护性归于消灭,除非被损害的法益与被保护的法益在价值上存在极端悬殊的差别。     

突发公共事件中公民权利的保护机制分析

在现代法治国家,为防止突发公共事件的巨大冲击力导致整个国家生活与社会秩序的全面失控,需要运用行政紧急权力并实施应急法律规范,来调整紧急情况下的国家权力之间、国家权力与公民权利之间、公民权利之间的各种社会关系,以有效控制和消除危机,恢复正常的社会生活秩序和法律秩序,维护和平衡社会公共利益与公民合法权益.为此需要对突发公共事件中的公民权利进行界定,明确界限、建立程序制度保障和救济机制,以寻求突发公共事件中行政紧急权力与公民权利保护的平衡.     

医疗行为秩序的刑法规制

医疗行为有序开展能够让医患双方预科到各自的行为将会给对方带来怎样的后果,使人们在医疗行为活动中有一种被实现的预期,带给人们以安全感。刑事法律制度是保障公民合法权益中一项重要的法律制度。在对医疗行为的刑法规制中,其通过对严重损害就诊人员生命健康权益的医疗行为规制,及去刑化的理论探讨,体现了刑法对公民的生命健康权的保障;通过对医疗行为中行为人刑法规制的限制性规定,体现了刑法对医务人员工作权益的保护。突显了刑法最终保障公民权益的根本目的。     

论规范性文件备案审查结果的溯及力

目前,我国缺乏关于规范性文件备案审查结果溯及力的法律规定,理论上对备案审查结果是否有溯及力等问题也有争议。《全国人大常委会备案审查工作规范(征求意见稿)》规定被撤销的法规嗣后无效,被要求修改或废止的司法解释自议案通过之日起停止施行。此种规定与理论界的认知存在着较大差异,正式通过的《法规、司法解释备案审查工作办法》则取消了有关溯及力的内容。备案审查结果的溯及力涉及法的一致性、法的安定性、公民和组织的权益、公共利益、信赖利益等多种法益,需要对这些相互之间关系复杂的法益进行综合的衡量。在我国,构建规范性文件备案审查溯及力制度,应以专门且更高级别的文件规定备案审查结果的溯及力问题,对立法性文件和司法解释实行备案审查决定上的无差别适用。与此同时,应在衡量法益的基础上赋予“撤销”和“废止”相同的效果,并对基于无效规范所作的司法裁判及其他行为进行效力区分,还应当在比较规范性文件与其所违反的上位法的生效时间的先后顺序的基础上决定溯及力的起点。     

论美国对抗性宪政文化及其在20世纪的发展变革

具有限制国家权力的意蕴的对抗性法律文化,是美国宪政文化传统中的制度性结构因素。美国对抗性宪政文化的普及和深入以及在2 0世纪的发展变革,证明用法律的手段使政府权力对公民采取负责的行动,仍是必须和必要的,承认个人自由并对每个公民个体的利益和价值给予共同关心,仍是现代社会生活的基础。     

论行政行为中的第三人

现代行政行为的法律后果已经不再限于直接相对人,而有可能影响到直接相对人以外的第三人的合法权益。行政行为中的第三人,是指行政行为所直接针对的对象以外的、其权利和义务受到行政行为影响的社会主体,包括公民、法人或其他组织。行政主体侵害第三人合法权益的情形有多种形式。维护行政行为中第三人合法权益的方式也有多种。对行政行为中的第三人的研究,尤其是对行政行为中第三人的概念和范围、权益受到侵害的情形和权益维护的方式等问题的研究,对立法、执法以及司法等活动具有重要意义。     

警察执法权益保护论纲

警察权益具有普遍性和特殊性，既包括警察的执法权益，也包括警察作为公民应享有的基本权利。警察权益遭受侵害，既有社会转型期社会矛盾加剧、公民法律意识淡薄、违法犯罪暴力化倾向严重和法制不健全、对侵害警察权益行为惩治力度不够、暴力袭警成本较低等原因；也有警察自身执法能力不高、自我防护意识不强和防护装备落后，以及公安机关不善于充分利用现有法律武器维权等多方面的原因。由此看来，保护警察权益是一项系统工程，必须采取多方面的措施。     

新刑法与法益侵害说

本文的基本观点是 :刑法目的是保护法益、犯罪本质是侵犯法益。本文论述了法益侵害说及其与规范违反说的区别 ;论证新刑法采取了法益侵害说以及法益侵害说的合理性 ;剖析了有悖法益保护目的现象 ,并提倡全面贯彻法益侵害说。     

公共产品分享权利及其法律保障

基于国家提供公共产品的目的,公共产品的分享最终可归结为满足公民的生存需要和发展需要,并以此界分出生存性权利与发展性权利。由于需求主体与供给主体的特殊结构,公共产品分享权利与传统意义上的法律权利相比,体现为一种非对称的权利义务关系,其可诉性较弱,司法诉讼并非其权利保障的唯一路径,议案、听证、信访等制度对于公共产品分享权利的保障同样具有现实意义。     

Law‐Linked Justice and Existence‐Linked Justice

Abstract. Justice as a manifestation of “the just” is an evasive concept. On the one hand there is the law, an operation run by professionals. On the other hand there are the citizens the law is meant for. Generally speaking the law strives for justice. But the law has to protect many different interests and must work through legal devices. Therefore the justice that emerges from it is necessarily a legal compromise. For the citizens the legal rules are a given reality. Generally they will agree that the law is there to achieve justice but legal arguments that justify a rule or decision cannot have the same value for them. In cases that affect them personally, justice will be a personal, existential experience, which may be incompatible with legal justice. It is hard to keep these two forms of justice under one roof. In order to make this easier this paper proposes a conceptual split between “law‐linked justice” and “existence‐linked justice.” It is argued that the law cannot in truth to its rational origin ignore the citizens’ experience of justice, out of the ordinary as they may be.     

论我国公民的免于匮乏权

美国前总统富兰克林.罗斯福面对经济危机提出了包括公民应该享有"免于匮乏的自由"的著名四大自由。我国的法学理论中虽然没有这一概念,但宪法中关于"国家合理安排积累和消费,兼顾国家、集体和个人的利益,在发展生产的基础上,逐步改善人民的物质生活和文化生活"的规定,实质上就是关于公民免于匮乏权的表述。本文从现代国家的职责、国家权利(义务)与公民权利(义务)关系的角度论述了保障公民免于匮乏权是国家的法律义务,不能将此任推给公民家庭及个人,并通过对我国实践的剖析,提出应当避免过度从政策层面、经济层面及公民个人努力层面对公民进行免于匮乏权保障的路径选择,而应靠国家义务性、实践路径上的法律制度性来实现。     

Clearing the Innocent: Guarantees of Personal Honor and Dignity

The measures of compulsion used to protect the interests of the state and society significantly constrain the rights of citizens suspected or accused of committing crimes. These constraints are necessary and justified. By its essence, compulsion by the state expresses application of the power to wield authority and in the given case affects the constitutional right of citizens to inviolability of the person. It is very important that such authority be used with adherence to legal and moral norms and with the greatest caution and tact. Toward this end guarantees of legality in the work of the agencies of police investigation, preliminary investigation, the procuracy, and the courts are being constantly strengthened and broadened. Their forms and methods of work are being improved, and the levels of political ideology and professionalism of officials so engaged are being raised. Guidance of criminal investigation has been improved, and criminal liability has been established for handing down a deliberately unjust verdict, making a knowingly illegal arrest or detention, and for the use of compulsion to testify.     

正当防卫中“正在进行”之界定的不同学说分析——司机致劫匪伤亡事件引发的思考

正当防卫是法律赋予公民的一项保护合法权益的权利，国家赋予公民这项权利之目的是及时制止正在进行的不法侵害。国内不断出现有关司机防卫致犯罪嫌疑人伤害的事件，引起了人们的关注。对于正当防卫的时间要件，有空间说和时间说等不同的理论观点。但对于El益严峻的社会治安状况和基于成文法的规定及社会秩序之考量，应当严格遵守正当防卫的时间条件保护正当防卫人的应有权利。     

法治视野下的律师辩护权——兼评高法刑诉法解释（征求意见稿）第250条

律师的辩护权是律师群体的一项重要职业权利。尽管在中国没有被列为公民的基本权利，但在一系列国际法律文件中被明确为基本人权。在刑事诉讼结构中，控辩双方力量相对均衡才能有效保障法官作出客观公正的裁判。刑诉法司法解释（征求意见稿）第250条虽对律师辩护权进行了规范，但该条第2款的规定仍有四点不当之处，包括违背控辩双方法律地位平等的基本要求，不符合正义的基本要求，超越法律的规定，损害律师群体形象。     

Prosecutors’ and Defense Lawyers’ Views on the Challenges to a New Trial Waiver System in China

Recently, Chinese government implemented and tested a trial waiver system in 18 large cities during 2016–2018. Using data collected from surveys of prosecutors and defense lawyers in one of the cities, the present study examines the main challenges in the implementation by comparing prosecutor and defense lawyer views. The main issues examined include the legal scope of trial waivers, the lawyer and victim roles in trial waivers, and the risk of corruption and power abuse. The findings indicate that lawyer respondents significantly differed from prosecutor respondents in their views on the issues. Defense lawyers were more likely to adopt a liberal stance and took a critical attitude toward the issues than prosecutors were. Their characteristic responses may well reside in their legal statuses and related interests in the Chinese legal context.