Establishing Universal Human Rights through War Crimes Trials and the Need for Cosmopolitan Law in an Age of Diversity

This article explores the practical and philosophical issues associated with bringing diverse moral conceptions into the judgments of international crimes. It is argued that a Habermasian view of cosmopolitan law provides a possibility for envisioning the way international courts can contribute to a universal morality across culturally disparate human rights conceptions. It is also argued that the most universally acceptable human rights conceptions reflect a convergence of procedures and substance. The author explores the treatment of rape in international war crimes tribunals in order to demonstrate how these judgments advance a more universally-acceptable human rights conceptions. Barbara Korth Faculty of Education. Indiana University 201 North Rose Ave Bloomington IN 47405, USA.     

行政法上请求权的理论构造

公法请求权根源于并服务于基础性公法权利,但具备独立实体权利的要素,具有相对的独立性。确保或回复基础性公法权利不受干扰状态的干扰防御请求权和作为受益权核心内容的给付请求权是公法请求权的两种典型形态。公法请求权的确认和保护,对基础性公法权利的实现具有重要意义,只有实现对公法请求权的全面保护,方可实现对基础性公法权利的全面保护。我国应当通过立法和司法的革新措施促进公法请求权的行政法制保护,以提升公法权利的行政法保障水平：一方面,行政立法应当树立对公法请求权予以直接立法确认的理念;另一方面应通过行政诉讼制度的改革促进公法请求权的司法保护。     

罪过形式的确定——刑法第15条第2款“法律有规定”的含义

确定具体犯罪的罪过形式时,不能以“事实上能否出于过失”的归纳取代“法律有无规定”的判断,而应当充分考虑并贯彻刑法第15条第2款“过失犯罪,法律有规定的才负刑事责任”的规定。将某种犯罪确定为过失犯罪的法定标准,是法律有文理规定。根据尊重人权主义的原理,对于法益侵害并非严重的行为,不宜确定为过失犯罪;按照责任主义原理,不能出现某种犯罪只能由过失构成而不能由故意构成的局面;依循刑法的谦抑性原理,罪过形式的确定,不能以其他法领域规定的过错形式为标准。     

对宪法修正案的若干私法解读

按照宪法作为最高效力的法规范 ,私法所规定的财产关系和人身关系都要遵守宪法的内容 ,尤其是充分体现基于主体自由和主体平等的宪法原理。私法主体平等和给与平等主体的财产权以对等的尊重是私法对宪法提出的基本要求。     

反不正当竞争法中过错的地位及适用

理论界和司法界对反不正当竞争法中过错的地位众说纷纭.反不正当竞争法源于侵权法但又具有特殊性,其立法模式为行为规制法而非责任承担法,其保护对象为法益而非权利,这种特殊性决定了过错在反不正当竞争法中具有更为重要的地位.梳理各种不正当竞争行为中过错地位的差异,可以发现过错的要求与反不正当竞争法所保护法益的成熟程度呈现反比关系...     

民事法益的证成——以有限理性为视角

人类的理性是有限度的,这就必然导致有限理性下的立法具有不完备性。法律的不完备性在民法上集中体现为两个方面:一是在立法时基于立法者的有限理性,将某些利益遗漏,没有纳入到法律之中,从而形成了预见缺失型立法漏洞;二是民事权利体系的建构与利益生长性之间的矛盾。上述两种情况实际都导致了应然权利和法定权利的分离状态。在应然权利尚未上升到法定权利但是通过法律间接地予以保护之后,则表现为法益的正常状态。     

法律异化研究

法律异化是指法律这种人类创造出来的本用于服务人类的社会规范,因为一些原因反而成了走向人类对立面的一种异己力量的法律变化。其表现为依＂法＂迫害、合法伤害、非法侵害、人们对法律的异己感和积极寻求法律的替代品等多种形式。法律异化的人为因素是人的异化,客观因素是法律本身的悬空与不切实际、法律规范限制性的僵化、司法的＂证据中心主义＂和法律运行的程序主义等。克服法律异化的路径有以人为本,确保良法的产生;加强民主法制建设,防范主体的自我异化;运用宏观、全面的社会治理手段防范法律的异化等。     

民事权益受损者行政诉讼原告资格考辨

民事权益受损者本应通过民事诉讼获得救济,一旦其请求行政机关介入查处违法行为或解决民事纠纷时往往会引发行政诉讼原告资格问题.本文采实质诉权说认为,民事权益受损者起诉权的认定应以公法请求权为基础,故需以保护规范理论为工具探寻公法规范中是否包含保护私人利益的指向,而非简单以侵权行为影响论或行政行为影响论判断受害者的行政诉讼原...     

Assessing Testimonial Evidence in Asylum Proceedings: Guiding Standards from the International Criminal Tribunals

Although credibility determinations rest at the core of refugeeprotection, international refugee law has failed to developa body of evidentiary principles that is tailored to the uniquedimensions of the testimony of those seeking asylum. This articleexamines recent developments in assessing oral testimony ininternational criminal law. International criminal law judges,like national asylum adjudicators, must transcend geographic,linguistic, cultural, educational and psychological barriersin order to assess the credibility of testimony. As a result,these new international courts have developed a body of principlesof international evidence law for assessing the testimony ofalleged victims of, and witnesses to, human rights abuses. Currentsocial science research on the asylum procedures in severaljurisdictions reveals that asylum decision makers often failto adapt the determination process to account for the realitiesof refugees presenting their cases in legal fora, directingproceedings with a ‘presumptive skepticism’ of claims.It is argued that the nuanced and rigourous model for the assessmentof the testimonial evidence of alleged victims and witnessesof human rights abuses in war crimes trials introduces effectiveinternational norms for the assessment of credibility in asylumproceedings.     

Improving the Non-Governmental System of Outsourcing Labour Regulation in China

Abstract:  This article examines, from a legal point of view, the working and functioning of the non-governmental system of outsourcing labour regulation in China. This examination is conducted from two angles. First, by adopting the analytical tool of contemporary international law, in particular human rights law, it is found that generally the outsourcing regulation system possesses its full legitimacy and special value in realising business entities' responsibilities to respect, protect, fulfil and promote labours' fundamental rights and interests. The international community has also set some minimum legal requirements in this regard. Second, reviewed in the context of domestic law and policy, this article identifies that many legal questions arising from the outsourcing of labour regulation in China have been neglected by either the governmental or the non-governmental labour regulation system. Some representative legal issues are illustrated. It is argued that the underlying causes are three pairs of controversies, i.e. the controversy between the ideal standardised model norms vis-à-vis the realistic specified local societal concerns; the controversy between the voluntary nature of the non-governmental norms vis-à-vis the necessity for official authorities' legal guidance and enforcement; and the controversy between the internal interests of the international production chain vis-à-vis the external interests of outer stakeholders. Finally, this article concludes that, on the one hand, the foreign buyer companies and the international non-governmental organisations must not neglect the particular societal concerns and demands in China, and, on the other hand, the Chinese public authorities should promote and direct the development of the non-governmental labour regulation by improving the governance of rule of law as well as policy making and implementation. Some tentative proposals are raised for solution.     

基本权利规范的正当程序价值——兼议行政程序法如何保障基本权利

我国宪法中的基本权利规范具有丰富的正当程序价值,行政程序法的制定,需通过宪法解释的方法挖掘基本权利规范的程序价值,使之得到行政程序法的保障。基本权利条款的设置从整体上表征国家与公民之间的平等关系,这种平等关系要求行政程序法建构起交互式的行政程序,吸纳公众有效参与行政过程。人格尊严既包含个别的权利,又是概括的"人权",表征公开、公正的价值,需要行政程序法通过建构回避制度、禁止单方接触制度、职能分离制度和公开制度予以保障。     

初论民间规范对法律方法的可能贡献

民间规范作为一种实际存在的“制度事实”,对法律方法有着什么样的意义?基于此种问题意识,对民间法可能对法律方法的贡献的研究,应该是有益的。由于司法活动中的法律方法多样,这里只对法律方法之于法律渊源、价值(利益)衡量、判例和判例法形成方式、法律论证的可能贡献做出了简要的描述。可以肯定,民间规范对其他法律方法也一样会有可能作用。对此,笔者将在后续研究中逐步探讨。     

Legal Theory and Dialectically Contingent Justifications for the Principle of Generic Consistency

Abstract. It is argued that accepting that there are human rights, or that there are categorically binding requirements of any kind on action, logically requires accepting the PGC (Principle of Generic Consistency ) as the supreme criterion of practical reasonableness.
Consequently, all legal systems that recognise human rights (hence, the English legal system), all who view law as a matter of obligation, and all who consider that there are categorically binding requirements on action, must take the PGC to be a necessary criterion of legal validity. Conventions on human rights must, as conventions on human rights , be interpreted to conform with the PGC .     

反腐败力度与说理机制的完善——从违纪警察的被辞退谈起

在加大反腐败力度的同时 ,应重视在责任追究制度中说理机制的建立及其完善。其内容涉及到方方面面 ,它在体现一种人文关怀精神的同时 ,反衬出现代法治对人的尊重。说理机制不仅是国家法律对于公民基本权利的一种保护 ,而且也有助于责任人或腐败者的纠错或改造。重视消除因规范体系内部的矛盾或法律制度上的某种缺陷 ,所导致的适用法律或规则上的种种问题 ,对于说理机制的完善和责任追究制度的健全有着重要的现实意义     

关于我国物权法体系结构的思考

法律的体系结构问题是一个按一定逻辑联系将法律规范加以排列组合的问题。各国民法典 (包括其物权编 )体系结构上的差异 ,原于体系设计者选择的逻辑标准不同。法国法系国家在设计其民法典 (包括其物权编 )的体系结构时 ,更注重调整对象标准 ;而德国法系国家在设计其民法典 (包括其物权编 )的体系结构时 ,则更倾向于法权形式标准。本文作者主张以调整对象为标准来分配物权法与债法的内容 ,将作用于商品交换领域的抵押、质押、留置及让与担保等担保制度纳入债法规定 ,而不照搬德国法系国家的作法纳入物权法规定。对物权法内部的体系结构 ,本文作者主张除总则外 ,分所有权、用益物权、相邻权、占有与登记四个组成部分 ,以分别调整物的归属关系、物的用益关系、不动产相邻关系及无本权的动产占有人、不动产物权登记名义人与物之本权人之间的关系。本文作者认为 ,这一体系结构有利于明确物权法内各制度各自作用的社会经济生活领域 ,张扬它们各自不同的目的和功能 ,实现它们各自不同的价值。     

民间法与裁判规范

裁判规范是法官在司法中援引或运用一定规则以直接适用于个案的规范。裁判规范分为两种：一种是法官援引一定规范所直接形成的裁判规范；另一种是法官运用一定规范而构造的裁判规范。民间法作为法律渊源，既可以被法官直接援引作为裁判规范，也可以被法官作为构造裁判规范的“原材料”加以运用。民间法作为法律渊源有一些制约性条件，需要法官识别民间法，也给法官增加了论证义务，以便使民间法作为裁判规范或者以民间法为据构造裁判规范时，获得当事人及其他社会主体的接受。     

我国高等教育管理法律规范体系的内容及完善

我国高等教育管理法律规范体系主要指《中华人民共和国教育法》、《中华人民共和国高等教育法》等法律法规中调整高校与学生之间关系所涉及的高校的法律地位、高校的主要权利和义务、学生的主要权利和义务、学生权利的救济等方面内容的法律规范的总和。本文通过解读并分析其主要内容,探讨了我国高等教育管理法律规范体系在内容和形式方面的立法缺陷,提出了相应的完善对策,以期有利于保障高校依法治校。     

经济法再分配功能之法哲学证成

法哲学中分配旨在实现形式正义,构成法律正义的理念。现代社会回应型法的出现使指向实质正义的再分配得以确立,当这种以变革的国家哲学为支撑的回应型法律规范逐渐增多并自成系统时,标志着对应于政府经济调节职能的理念中的经济法生成。它通过维护市场的形式平等以促进经济的效率与发展为工具性价值目标,要求政府积极作为确保应得权利的创造与之结合,旨在实现整体实质公平。     

The Open Architecture of European Human Rights Law

The evolution of the European human rights regime is often described as the development of an integrated order with the European Convention of Human Rights as its governing 'constitutional instrument'. It is argued that the regime is better regarded as pluralist - characterised by a heterarchical relationship between its constituent parts that is ultimately defined politically and not legally. The emergence and workings of this pluralist order are traced through the interaction of the European Court of Human Rights with domestic courts in the European Union. These cases not only show conflicts over questions of ultimate supremacy but also significant convergence and harmony in practice. The analysis of the factors leading to this convergence indicates that central characteristics of pluralism – incrementalism and the openness of ultimate authority – have contributed significantly to the generally smooth evolution of the European human rights regime. This suggests a broader appeal of pluralist models as alternatives to constitutionalism in the construction of postnational authority and law.