脑外伤后的星形胶质细胞反应

本文对脑外伤后星形胶质细胞反应进行综述，包括星形胶质细胞结构和功能的新认识，脑外伤后星形胶质细胞反应的研究模型、检测技术，及其在脑外伤后一系列形态学及代谢变化。强调了脑外伤后星形胶质细胞数目、形态和细胞因子表达变化的时间规律性，并对其在脑外伤法医学鉴定中的意义做出展望。     

脑外伤后的星形胶质细胞反应

本文对脑外伤后星形胶质细胞反应进行综述 ,包括星形胶质细胞结构和功能的新认识 ,脑外伤后星形胶质细胞反应的研究模型、检测技术 ,及其在脑外伤后一系列形态学及代谢变化。强调了脑外伤后星形胶质细胞数目、形态和细胞因子表达变化的时间规律性 ,并对其在脑外伤法医学鉴定中的意义做出展望。     

体外培养大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞损伤后bFGF的表达

目的观察体外培养星形胶质细胞损伤后碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（basic fibroblast growth fac-tor,bFGF）的表达变化,进一步了解脑损伤修复的分子机制,以期为法医病理学鉴定提供更多的依据。方法取出生后24h内SD大鼠大脑皮质进行星形胶质细胞体外分离培养和纯化,将其随机分为对照组,损伤后30min和1、3、6、12、24h及3、7d组,应用ABC法检测不同时间段bFGF表达的差异。结果体外培养星形胶质细胞的纯度达95%以上。对照组有少量的bFGF蛋白表达。机械性损伤后1～3h,bFGF反应强度开始有变化,6～12h明显增强,24h达高峰,3d以后开始下降。结论机械性划痕损伤后bFGF表达与在体动物实验模型一样具有时序性变化规律,仅表达时间提前,说明损伤后bFGF表达可为脑损伤时间的推断依据之一;体外培养细胞损伤模型对组织细胞损伤的分子机制研究具有一定意义。     

人脑挫伤周围早期星形胶质细胞反应定性定量分析初步研究

目的：探讨脑挫伤灶周围早期反应性肿胀和增生胶质细胞的生物学特性和法医学意义。方法：应用常规HE染色、GFAP免疫组织化染色和图像分析技术,对尸检人脑组织挫伤周围星形胶质细胞反应进行定性定量分析。结果：脑挫伤周围星形胶质细胞在伤后很短时间内（小于5分钟）即可反应性肿胀和增生;随伤后经过时间延长,肿瘤程度逐渐减弱;星形胶质细胞反应与脑挫伤的部位有一定关系。结论：这种反应性星形胶质细胞有可能作为诊断轻度脑挫伤和判断脑挫伤早期损伤经过时间的指标。     

人脑挫伤周围早期星形胶质细胞反应 定性定量分析初步研究

目的探讨脑挫伤灶周围早期反应性肿胀和增生胶质细胞的生物学特性和法医学意义。方法应用常规HE染色、GFAP免疫组化染色和图像分析技术,对尸检人脑组织挫伤周围星形胶质细胞反应进行定性定量分析。结果脑挫伤周围星形胶质细胞在伤后很短时间内（小于5分钟）即可反应性肿胀和增生;随伤后经过时间延长,肿胀程度逐渐减弱;星形胶质细胞反应与脑挫伤的部位有一定关系。结论这种反应性星形胶质细胞有可能作为诊断轻度脑挫伤和判断脑挫伤早期损伤经过时间的指标。     

人脑挫伤后波形蛋白表达的免疫组化染色观察

目的观察人脑挫伤后波形蛋白（vimentin,Vim）的动态变化,探讨星形胶质细胞Vim表达变化与脑损伤时间的关系。方法42例闭合性脑损伤死亡者,根据伤后死亡时间分为6组（〈2h,〈24h,〈3d,〈7d,〈14d,≤30d）;取大脑挫伤灶进行HE和Vim免疫组织化学染色,对Vim染色阳性细胞面积进行图像分析。结果HE染色显示,脑挫伤后2h挫伤灶内脑组织挫碎、出血,5．5h挫伤灶周出现反应性星形胶质细胞,3d脑水肿明显,7d反应性星形胶质细胞明显增多,14d胶质结节形成,30d出现大量泡沫细胞,胶质瘢痕增多。Vim染色结果显示,脑挫伤后5．5hVim开始表达,少量Vim阳性细胞出现在挫伤灶周围,7d阳性反应性最强,14d逐渐下降,30d胶质瘢痕增多,Vim阳性表达又增强。Vim阳性细胞主要为反应性星形胶质细胞。结论Vim在反应性星形胶质细胞内表达呈现一定波动性,其表达部位在脑挫伤周围,Vim免疫组化染色结合图像分析技术可作为推断脑挫伤时间及部位的参考指标。     

星形胶质细胞及其标志蛋白GFAP在脑损伤时间推断中的研究进展

推断脑损伤时间是法医学需要解决的重要问题之一。中枢神经系统受到损伤后，损伤部位常由星形胶质细胞进行修复，并通过增生形成胶质瘢痕。在此过程中，星形胶质细胞的形态、数目、胞内酶、胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GlialFibrillalyAcidichaein，GFAP）的量及其基因表达均会发生改变。此外，星形胶质细胞分泌一系列细胞因子（包括神经营养因子），并表达其受体。这些改变均与伤后时间过程有关，有可能用于推断脑损伤时间。互星形胶质细胞的形态、分类及功能中枢神经系统中有多种间质细胞，被统称为神经胶质细胞（Nde），其数量多（为神经元…     

脑挫伤大鼠胶质细胞GFAP、S100的表达及其损伤时间的推断

目的观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和S100的表达,观察脑损伤后星形胶质细胞随脑损伤时间的变化规律,研究其在脑损伤及神经修复中的作用。方法建立脑挫伤模型,利用免疫组化染色(SP法)观察大鼠脑挫伤后GFAP、S100在伤后不同时间星形细胞中的表达。并应用图像分析技术对其作定量统计分析处理。结果(1)伤后1h时GFAP阳性表达开始增多,阳性物质表达随时间大致呈线性上升7d达最大值,然后阳性物质染色强度和面积呈下降趋势。(2)伤后12h组可见S100阳性表达活性增高,S100阳性细胞数目逐渐增多,5d时达高峰后显著下降,但仍高于对照组。结论脑挫伤后星形胶质细胞的表达水平的变化有一定时间规律性,在脑挫伤时间推断中及神经组织修复中有一定作用。     

实验性脑挫伤后神经元和星形胶质细胞反应的时间性变化

运用免疫组化技术，以神经元特异性烯酸酶（NSE）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）作为标记物，观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后不同存活时间中神经元和星形胶质细胞的数量变化。结果发现，伤后3h可见NSE和GFAP染色变化，且随着存活时间延长，脑皮质内挫伤处周围神经元逐步减少，而星形胶质细胞则逐渐增加，具有一定的时间规律性。为脑挫伤后早期存活时间的推断提供了新的方法。     

体外培养大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞损伤后TGF-β1表达研究

目的观察体外培养星形胶质细胞损伤后TGF-β1的表达变化,进一步了解脑损伤修复的分子机制。方法取出生后24h内SD大鼠大脑皮质进行星形胶质细胞体外分离培养和纯化。随机分为对照组和机械性划痕损伤后30min、1h、3h、6h、12h、24h、3d、7d组,应用ABC法检测不同时间段TGF-β1表达的差异。结果体外培养星形胶质细胞的纯度达95%以上。对照组TGF-β1未见明显表达,TGF-β1在损伤后6h表达开始增加,3d时达高峰,7d时表达明显减少。伤后6h、12h、24h、3d、7d与对照组比较,其差异均有显著性(P0.01)。结论机械性划痕损伤后TGF-β1表达与在体动物实验模型一样具有时序性变化规律,可望成为脑损伤时间的推断依据之一。     

脑干损伤致死星形胶质细胞GFAP和ET-1的表达

目的 研究星形胶质细胞GFAP和ET-1的表达在脑干损伤的分子病理学改变并探讨对脑干损伤法医学鉴定中的意义。方法 筛选本中心提供的不同时间急性脑干损伤死亡的脑标本15例及非颅脑损伤死亡标本5例,HE染色常规观察各部位脑组织的显微形态改变之后,用检测单克隆抗体免疫组化SP方法检测胶质细胞GFAP和ET-1的表达,研究其病理变化。结果 生前急性脑干损伤部位GFAP阳性细胞数目增多,细胞形态变大,存在ET-1的表达。结论 上述系列病理变化对于法医实践中急性脑干损伤的死后诊断具有参考价值。     

Neuropathological findings associated with retained lead shot pellets in a man surviving two months after a suicide attempt

We describe the neuropathological findings in a 30-year-old man who died two months after attempting suicide with a shotgun. We focused our study on lesions associated with retained lead shot pellets and distant therefrom, as well as lesions distant from the principal site of injury. At the sites of the retained lead shot pellets, we found macrophage proliferation and astrocyte activation, together with axonal spheroids and signs of neuronal damage. In the remaining white matter we observed axonal swellings, astrocyte activation and rarefaction of the neuropil; regressive phenomena of the neurons were also present. All axonal spheroids immunoreacted with antibodies against APP, alphaB-crystallin, NF subunits and ubiquitin. Most reactive astrocytes were positive for GFAP and alphaB-crystallin immunostaining. Some neurons immunoreacting with alphaB-crystallin were also found. These data indicated that an important local reaction developed at the sites of lead shot retention, and mild signs of diffuse axonal damage were found throughout the brain.     

地塞米松对人星形胶质细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察地塞米松(Dexamethasone,DEX)对人星形胶质细胞(Human astrocytes,HA)凋亡的影响。方法(1)培养人星形胶质细胞,免疫荧光法检测糖皮质激素受体(Glucocorticoid recepters,GR)的表达;(2)采用MTT实验检测不同浓度的DEX(10-9 M~10-5 M)对星形胶质细胞存活率的影响;(3)流式细胞术AnnexinⅤ-PI双标染色法检测细胞凋亡率。结果(1) HA细胞表达GR,阳性部位位于细胞浆;(2)与Con组相比,10-9 M~10-5M的DEX作用HA细胞48 h后,细胞存活率明显降低;(3)与Con组相比,10-6 M的DEX作用于HA细胞6h后,细胞凋亡率明显升高,DEX+RU486组与DEX组相比凋亡率明显下降。单独应用RU486组与CON组相比无明显差别。结论 DEX可通过与其受体结合独立诱导人星形胶质细胞凋亡。     

神经干细胞增殖、迁移及分化调控机制的研究

神经干细胞能够不断增殖、迁移,并具有分化成神经元、星型胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的能力,神经干细胞的这种特性为研究中枢神经系统退行性疾病及损伤后功能恢复奠定了基础,也为法医病理学死后时间和尸体损伤推断的研究提供了新的机遇。本文对神经干细胞的分布、生物学特性、鉴定、增殖、分化与迁移的影响因素,及其在治疗中枢神经系统疾病和法医病理学中的应用前景作一综述。     

Effect of toluene inhalation on astrocytes and neurotrophic factor in rat brain

Toluene, an abused substance in Japan, is a neurotoxic chemical that has been shown to have neurobehavioral and electrophysiological effects. In previous work, both acute and chronic effects of toluene on cells have been studied extensively. However, although glial cells are thought to play an important role in the survival of neurons in the brain, the effect of toluene on glial cell function has not yet been characterized. To elucidate this, the effect of toluene inhalation on astrocytes in rat brain was examined. Toluene exposure (1500 ppm for 4 h on 4-10 days) augmented glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity, particularly in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Quantitative analysis showed that toluene inhalation markedly enhanced GFAP expression in the hippocampus and cerebellum. In both regions, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) showed no obvious changes, but glutamine synthetase (GS)-immunoreactive cells were markedly increased by toluene exposure. Thus, the elevation of GFAP expression was induced by astrocyte activation rather than by cell proliferation. If toluene exposure activates astrocytes, astrocytes may play a role in the neurophysiological changes observed in toluene intoxication. A neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) was observed immunohistochemically in the capillary vessel walls in the hippocampus and the cerebellum of toluene-intoxicated rats. Basic-FGF may have induced GFAP expression both in the hippocampus and the cerebellum. So, other neurotrophic factors may affect the difference of GFAP elevation between the hippocampus and the cerebellum. These differences may relate to neurobehavioral function of each brain part after toluene exposure.     

Evaluation of human brain damage in fatalities due to extreme environmental temperature by quantification of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100β and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immunoreactivities

Fatalities due to extreme environmental temperatures involving hypothermia (cold exposure) and hyperthermia (heat stroke) might present with poor or nonspecific morphological pathologies, which are insufficient to establish the cause of death in forensic practice. The present study immunohistochemically investigated basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100β and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the parietal lobe and hippocampus of the brain in fatalities from hypothermia (n=15) and hyperthermia (n=18), and compared them to those of controls (n=39), including acute death due to ischemic heart disease, mechanical asphyxiation and drowning. In addition, S100β concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured. Characteristic findings in hypothermia cases were higher glial bFGF immunopositivity in the cerebral cortex and white matter, and higher S100β immunopositivity in the cerebral cortex with a lower CSF S100β concentration. Hyperthermia showed lower glial GFAP and S100β immunopositivities in the white matter, and higher neuronal ssDNA immunopositivity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, accompanied by high glial bFGF and S100β immunopositivities in the cerebral cortex. These findings suggest neuroprotective glial responses without marked neuronal or glial damage in fatal hypothermia, and diffuse neuronal apoptosis despite initiation of neuroprotective cortical astrocyte responses, accompanied by glial damage in the white matter, in fatal hyperthermia. These markers may be useful for evaluating brain damage and responses in fatalities due to extreme environmental temperatures.     

Education as a component of law enforcement professionalism: the concept and its measurement

The. lack of empirical studies of education as a structural variable. within theoretical modelt, of professionalization was disucssed. Also, a scale. designed to measure. education, as a camponent of the. concept of low enforcement as a. profoession was developed. lnterpreted as valid and reliable, the scale. was employed in a survey of North Carolina law enforcement personnel. Although it was concluded that many law enforcement personnel did not identify education as an element of the concept of law enforcement as a profassion, a minority strongly endorsed education. Law enforcement. personnekl overwhelmingly phefered criminal justice. curricula over those. of other disciplines, and many anticipated participation in criminal justice educational programs. It was concluded the conceptualization of education as, a component of law enforcement as a profession was, emerging. However, such conceptualieation was not felt to be pervasive within the law enforcement community.     

Application of mRNA Expression Analysis to Human Blood Identification in Degenerated Samples that were False‐negative by Immunochromatography,,

Forensic laboratories are often faced with cases in which methamphetamine hydrochloride‐mixed blood is unable to be identified as human blood by immunochromatography against human hemoglobin A0. The application of mRNA expression analysis to samples that showed a false‐negative with immunochromatography was investigated as an alternative approach that did not depend on the antigen–antibody reaction. Real‐time PCR was used to examine the expression levels of blood markers such as glycophorin A, spectrin beta, and hemoglobin beta. Hemoglobin beta was the only marker that was specifically detected in blood, while glycophorin A was useful for determining human specificity. Hemoglobin beta showed good detection sensitivity and was detectable in 37‐year‐old blood stains. Hemoglobin beta was exclusively detectable in methamphetamine hydrochloride‐mixed blood stains. Detergents and disinfectants did not significantly influence mRNA markers. The proposed mRNA expression analysis was suitable for human blood identification as an alternative method to immunochromatography.     

明清外贸立法的正当性研究——以海上贸易为中心

作为明清基本外贸制度,朝贡一直颇受非议,海禁更被视为因小失大的饮鸩之举。考其实际,海禁并非明清外贸立法的全部,即使在海禁期间也是禁而不止,其消极作用并不如想象中的巨大。而朝贡贸易也并非铁板一块。与宋元时期相比,明清外贸立法的多数内容都属于一个主权国家实施外贸管理的正常范围。故有其正当性,未可厚非。明清海商之所以未能出现哥伦布,根本原因在于封建统治者对海外贸易的放任自流（甚至是驱羊攻虎）和财富掠夺政策。这也是造成近代中国闭关锁国的根本原因。     

The Perceived Seriousness of Crime in the Middle East

This paper builds on previous work in examining the seriousness of criminal acts. The research was conducted to determine the seriousness of several criminal acts in the Middle East with the goal to determine whether certain characteristics of the respondents would be associated with different perceptions as to the seriousness of different types of crimes. The findings of this study differ significantly from previous research in finding Moral Crimes to be perceived as extremely serious, in fact, about as serious as violent acts. However, the rank order of violent, property and white collar crimes, when the moral crimes are eliminated, are consistently with previous research. Similar to previous research, no difference was found in the overall ranking of crimes by any of the subgroups analyzed. It was found that religiosity (Islamic Fundamentalism) was the best predictor of a respondent's overall perception as to the seriousness of crime.