对人工生殖子女亲子身份认定规则的思考

对人工生殖子女的亲子身份进行认定时,应以"人工生殖目的"为主要标准,"子女最佳利益"为最高原则,将人工生殖子女的法律地位界定为婚生子女。同质人工体内授精应仍然使用传统的亲子身份认定规则,对异质人工体内授精应当在传统的亲子身份认定规则上有所突破,供卵体外授精的情况下,应以分娩者即不孕夫妻中的妻子为子女的法律母亲,子女的父亲根据婚生推定制度来确认,代孕时应认定委托夫妻为子女的法律父母。     

局部代孕法律问题研究

局部代孕是指妻因无法排卵且子宫有障碍无法怀孕，经其夫同意将夫之精子以人工注入他女体内，与他女之卵结合并由他女怀胎、分娩，分娩后夫妻双方为子女之父母。局部代孕因其有利于消除不育者的痛苦，不会损害代母、代孕子女的身心健康利益，应得到法律认许。法律应对局部代孕的实质要件和形式要件、局部代孕效力等作出规定     

论人工生殖子女的法律地位

现代生殖技术的问世大大冲击了人类传统的自然生殖方式,与此同时,也冲击了现代伦理观念,并带来了一系列法律问题。随着人工生殖子女数量的增多,相关法律纠纷也日益增多。因此,本文对于人工生殖的一个基本问题———人工生殖子女的法律地位进行了深入的探讨。着重论述了人工生殖子女的分类,相应的父母子女关系的确定及权利义务关系。同时对代孕母亲所引发的法律问题进行了探讨。     

论人工生殖子女的法律地位

现代生殖技术的问世大大冲击了人类传统的自然生殖方式，与此同时，也冲击了现代伦理观念，并带来了一系列法律问题。随着人工生殖子女数量的增多，相关法律纠纷也日益增多。因此，本文对于人工生殖的一个基本问题——人工生殖子女的法律地位进行了深入的探讨。着重论述了人工生殖子女的分类，相应的父母子女关系的确定及权利义务关系。同时对代孕母亲所引发的法律问题进行了探讨。     

人工生殖模式下亲子法的反思与重建——从英国修订《人类受精与胚胎学法案》谈起

人类辅助生殖技术的突飞猛进造成父母身份的分裂,传统亲子关系认定标准受到挑战,"基因说"、"意思说"和"子女最佳利益说"等新标准的地位逐渐得到提升.英国、美国、德国、以色列等正致力于构建二元生殖模式下亲子关系的规范体系.我国民法典应充分借鉴国外的立法和司法经验,重塑适合我国国情的人工生殖亲子法,明确人工生殖子女的法律地位.     

人工生育子女法律地位初探——兼议未来克隆人技术引起的法律难题

根据大多数国家的立法和相关法律规定,婚生子女除包括在父母的婚姻关系存续期间受胎或出生的子女,还指经父母双方同意,依法采用人工生殖技术生育的子女,包括人工授精、试管婴儿、代孕母亲等人工生育子女。所谓人工生殖技术,它是指不同于人类传统基于两性性爱的自然生育过程,而是根据生物遗传工程理论,采用人工方法取出精子或卵子,然后用人工方法将精子或授精卵胚胎注入妇女子宫内,使其受孕的一种新生殖技术。它与传统的自然生育过程不同,生育与性行为无关,且人工生育的子女可能有两个以上的父母,因此它是对传统父母子女关系的挑战。人工生殖     

代孕情况下亲子身份的确定

当代孕母亲提供子宫进行代孕时,使得所生下的婴儿会有较多的父母。而委托代孕的契约父母通常存在合法的婚姻关系,只因本身无法生育才需委托他人代孕,委托父母无论从心理上还是物质上都做好养育孩子的准备。因此,在一般的代孕纠纷中,应当推定最有利于子女成长的契约父母为法律父母。     

代孕背景下亲子关系的确定

人工生殖技术的发展改变了传统的自然生育方式,给法律上亲子关系的认定带来了巨大的冲击。传统"分娩者为母"原则受到了技术上的挑战,无法满足现实需求;根据基因来源确定亲子关系,在某种情况下背离了捐精者或供卵人的意思自治;而以"儿童最大利益原则"为标准使得代孕子女出生前无法形成有效的身份预期。从代孕协议的效力上来看,代孕协议本身并不与强制性法律法规相悖,也不会对公序良俗造成剧烈的冲击,代孕协议的效力不应被轻易否定。因此,代孕背景下亲子关系应当依据代孕协议确定,并以"儿童最大利益原则"作为补充要素。另外,由于代孕协议涉及到伦理色彩浓厚的身份法领域,其不能简单地适用《合同法》的规定,因此,在代孕协议无效的情况下,应当坚持"身份确定原则",严格限定当事人提起无效之诉的时效,并承认事实抚养关系。     

以法理视角审视"代孕行为"

"代孕行为"是指妻因无法排卵且子宫有障碍而无法怀孕,经其夫之同意后将夫之精子以人工方法注入他女之体内,与他女之卵结合,并由他女怀孕分娩该子女,分娩后委托夫妻双方为该孩子的父亲、母亲.生育权是一种自然权利、应有权利、法定权利,加之种族繁衍与延续是整个人类的责任与义务。现阶段调整"代孕行为"的法律规定几乎处于空白,本文将"代孕行为"与收养法律关系紧密结合,提出有关的立法构想。     

代孕子女身份的法律认定

一、代孕的概念及问题的提出代孕是指第三方女性以人工生殖方式为他人生育子女的行为。其宗旨目的在于为生理上不能或不适宜怀孕的妇女提供人工辅助的生育方式,使其获得“自己的”,而非“别人的”子女。根据精子、卵子的不同来源,代孕可分为以下三种情况:一是由匿名的捐赠人提供精子、卵子,第三人代为受孕,称为“捐胚代孕”;二是由委托夫妻提供精子、卵子,第三人代为怀孕,称为“完     

WHO'S YOUR DADDY?: THE INHERENT UNFAIRNESS OF THE MARITAL PRESUMPTION FOR CHILDREN OF UNMARRIED PARENTS*

Many states have marital presumptions of legitimacy, which provide children born to married parents with protection against paternity lawsuits questioning their legitimacy. However, most states do not have legitimacy presumption statutes for unmarried couples. This lack of equality between married and unmarried couples makes it so that children born to unmarried parents, who have developed a psychological bond with a man they have always thought to be their father, are not afforded the same protection as other children in similar situations, simply because their parents were not married at the time of their birth. Therefore, this Note advocates for states to amend their paternity statutes to provide protection against nonpaternity lawsuits to psychological fathers and their psychological children. State statutes should provide a psychological father with the right to be declared the legal parent of his psychological child in cases where the child's legal father has been substantially absent from the child's life.     

Surrogacy,Identity, Parentage and Childrenʼs Rights – Through the Eyes of a Child

In this article I will focus on two important aspects of children's rights which are impacted by artificial reproductive technology (particularly surrogacy); being the rights to identity and the rights to legal parentage. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child acknowledges the importance of a child's right to identity, to be protected from discrimination on the basis of the status or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians or family members. For many children born through surrogacy arrangements, they may have only one or no legally recognized parent. The adults caring for them may have parental responsibility orders but this falls well short of providing children with the benefits and protections that legal parentage does. The issue of identity can be complex. Increasingly, states have recognized the importance of children knowing the circumstances of their birth and being able to access biological and genetic information including medical information. From a child's perspective the issues of identity and parenthood are intertwined. Given the importance of identity, more needs to be done to ensure that identifying information about children born as a result of artificial reproductive technology is properly stored and readily accessible for these children. Denying a child legal parentage when there are no concerns about the care being provided by their parents cannot be justified when considered from a children's rights perspective.     

亲子关系的推定与否认制度的建构

法律上亲子关系实为立法构建的产物。亲子关系的确定应兼顾血缘真实、身份安定和未成年子女的最佳利益。以法律推定方法确定子女法律上的父亲,既应适用于婚生子女,也应适用于同居关系中的非婚生子女。对于与真实血缘不符的亲子关系的推定,特定当事人应当享有进行否认的权利。因此,法律应对各主体否认权的赋予具有不同的正当性基础,区分各否认权人的否认理由和否认时效,以体现不同的政策考量。同时还应对否认的法律后果做出明确规定。     

Unintended and Unavoidable: The Failure to Protect Rule and Its Consequences for Undocumented Parents and Their Children

Parents without immigration status in the United States regularly face the threat of deportation and separation from their children. When an undocumented parent is brought to the attention of law enforcement through the child welfare system, they also face the potential of the loss of legal custodial rights to their children. The child welfare system and immigration enforcement mechanisms operate independent of one another with little regard for how actions in one can impact a parent's legal rights in the other, often permanently separating children from their parents. This article examines the particular issue of undocumented parents who are charged with the failure to protect their children from witnessing or otherwise experiencing abuse committed by a third party. It explores how such a charge, whether founded or unfounded, can result in loss of eligibility for immigration relief to which the undocumented parent would otherwise be entitled, as well as deportation of the parent and permanent separation of parent and child. These issues are situated within the larger context of the normative guideposts of both family and immigration law, namely, the best interests of the child and family unity. It identifies issues for further academic inquiry as well as tips for practitioners who may represent undocumented parents in either the family or immigration systems.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• Learn about the potential consequences under family law and immigration law when an undocumented parent's child is abused by a third party
• Gain strategies for planning with undocumented parents to avoid the loss of the custody of their children in the event of a sudden deportation
• Be able to identify and address particular concerns for clients who are undocumented victims of domestic violence

     

State secrets: access to information under the Human Reproductive Technology Act 1991 (WA)

Many Australian children have a biological father who gave his sperm so that the child's mother could conceive and raise them. Many of these children, and their parent(s), do not know who that biological father is. However, some want to know. The article examines the Western Australian law on access to information about the identity of parties in these arrangements. It is argued that there is an implied right to access identifying information where all parties consent to the exchange of information; that this right has been ignored in official and medical practice and opportunities for good record-keeping missed; and that the current law allows a parent to give consent to the exchange of identifying information on behalf of their child at any time after the child is conceived.     

浅析由WTO贸易与环境争端所引发的理论争议

有关贸易与环境争端在GATT法律体系内很难找到具体适用的规则,因此GATT曾被环保主义者称作没有规则的天堂。WTO成立后,为解决贸易与环境争端,出现了对WTO协定作普通法式解释的现象。本文认为这种解释方法符合客观要求,我国政府应顺应国际环保形势发展的总体需要,支持用普通法的方式解释WTO贸易与环境的相关法律规定。     

论公司法的性格——强行法抑或任意法?

本文分析公司法的基本性格 ,探讨参与公司制度的各方当事人是否有选择或退出法律规范的自由。对有限公司法而言 ,原则上普通规则可以是任意性的 ,而基本规则应具有强制性 ,不得由当事人自由变更。股份公司法中的基本规则和有关权力分配的普通规则适用于管理层与股东之间利益冲突最为激烈的领域 ,原则上它们应该是强制性的 ,有关利润分配的普通规则则允许有一定的灵活性。在此基础上 ,作者对完善我国的公司法体系和结构提出了若干建议。     

The rights of donor inseminated children to know their genetic origins in Australia

Twenty years after it was recognised that adopted children have rights to understand their origins, the dawn has finally broken with respect to children conceived as a result of the Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), specifically donor insemination (DI). Recipients and practitioners of conception technologies focus their energies and ethical deliberation on the achievement of pregnancy and the successful birth of the child. Law, in contrast, must focus beyond birth to enshrine respect for the rights of the child, who is 'not legally capable of defending [his or her] own future interests.' This article undertakes an assessment of what is in the best interests of a child using empirical studies to ground a position that should be adopted by law in Australia. This article also critically evaluates the current legal position of the various States and Territories with regards to a DI conceived child's rights to know of their form of conception; access to identifying information of their donor; at what age they may access information; the position of DI children born before existing legislation; record-keeping; and finally whether international law grants such children rights. Australian children must enjoy the right in theory and practice to know they were donor conceived and the identity of their donor. It is disappointing that New South Wales, as the most recent State to propose legislation on ART, has not utilised international empirical research on the best interests of DI children or even followed the Infertility Treatment Act 1995 (Vic) which seems to be far more progressive in recognising how best to protect the rights of DI children. The current legal position is chaotic. States and Territories should confer power on the Federal Government to legislate uniform and explicit regulation of ART for the benefit of DI children.     

国际商事仲裁协议独立性新解

使用传统法律选择方法解决国际商事仲裁协议效力的法律冲突,在识别和确定连接点方面都存在缺陷和困难。在法国等国家兴起的国际商事仲裁协议独立于国内法的理论主张采用实体规范确定仲裁协议的效力,在一定程度上克服了法律选择方法的缺陷,有助于更加迅速、公正地处理案件,反映了国际商事仲裁立法和实践的新趋势。     

判例在中国传统法中的功能

中国传统法中的判例是指经过特殊程序认定,具有普遍拘束力的司法判决。春秋战国以前,中国的法律以判例为主要存在形式。春秋战国以后,形成了以法典为主,判例为辅,多种形式并存的法律体系并长期保持。法典化时代的判例立足于法典,发挥了对法典在立法范围扩展、立法技术补充、规则效力强化等方面的功能。在判例创制规則和复现规則的关系上,中国古代始终坚持复现为主的原則,在维护法律形式內部稳定结构的同时,维护规则供应的相对稳定。