知识产权国际造法新趋势

在 TRIPs 协议产生后十余年的时间里,知识产权国际造法活动明显加快。在WTO 体制之外,不少国际组织、机构和论坛围绕着如何处理保护知识产权与维护生物多样性、合理开发植物基因资源、促进公共健康、维护人权之间的关系等问题,对 TRIPs 协议所确立的一系列高标准的知识产权规则提出了批判,探讨和制订了一系列软法性质的、倡导人权和维护社会公共利益的知识产权新规则。这些活动打破了 WTO 和 WIPO 在国际法层面上对知识产权立法权的垄断,反映了国际社会对知识产权私权利之外的人权、公共健康等社会权益的日益重视,势必对未来知识产权国际立法和国内立法产生深远影响。     

文化多样性的弘扬与知识产权保护

保护和弘扬文化多样性对于人类社会的发展具有极为重要的作用.文化多样性与知识产权保护存在着密切的联系.适度的知识产权保护会促进文化多样性的形成,片面的知识产权保护则会破坏文化多样性.反过来,文化多样性为知识产品的创作提供了源泉,为知识产权的产生提供了客观的物质基础.我们应当充分认识到二者之间的密切关系,通过改革现有的知识产权制度来维持和弘扬文化的多样性,以促进我国社会的和谐发展.     

Telephone Number Allocation: A Property Rights Approach

This paper analyzes the coordination, competition and resource allocation problems associated with telephone numbers, and it examines the advantages and disadvantages of various allocation mechanisms from a property rights perspective. We suggest to move away from current administrative number allocation procedures to a market-based auction mechanism, at least for the most valuable numbers. It is also argued that number portability is essential not only for reducing consumer switching costs, but also for efficient investment into a number's value, as only number portability enables telephone users to obtain unfettered property rights in their telephone numbers.     

物尽其用与矿业权出资入股

判断资源是否得到了合理的配置，需考虑供给与需求的关系。在供给有限的前提下，合理的资源配置决定着人们的需求能够在多大程度上得到满足。不合理的资源配置决策含浪费稀缺资源，降低需要被满足的程度。就矿业权来讲，它在取得时已经发生了大量的成本消耗，再加之资源存在的有限，若将之用于出资，既是封矿藏价值的尊重，又可实现价值利用的最大化。本文试从矿业权物权理论出发，阐述矿业权出资入股符合物尽其用原则的要求。     

Propertisation and Commercialisation: On Controlling the Uses of Human Biomaterials

Third parties, such as researchers and biotech companies, can and do legally acquire property rights in biomaterials. They are protected by the law of property in their use of these. Recent legal decisions have seen a move towards the tentative explicit recognition of some property rights in biomaterials vesting in the source of the materials. However, this recognition has not included income rights. This article discusses the interests that parties have in controlling the uses of biomaterials and the commercial interests that stem from those uses. The article argues that concerns regarding the allocation of property rights to the source generally elide property rights in biomaterials with the right to derive income from the transfer of those materials. Propertisation does not analytically entail commercialisation. It is therefore questionable whether it is reasonable to protect third parties' income rights, while excluding the source of the biomaterials from such protection.     

试论知识产权限制的法理基础

利益平衡是构建知识产权限制制度的基本法律观。各类主体的相互利益关系,在知识产权法律中的权利配置方面,表现为本权与他权、私权与公益的关系;知识产权虽为一种独占性权利,但往往受到一定的限制,包括公共领域保留、权利行使限制、禁止权利滥用等;知识产权立法应秉持二元价值目标,即保护创造者合法权益和促进知识广泛传播。     

公司治理与交易安全

公司治理就是在股东、债权人、职工等利害关系人之间对公司经营权力、利益进行配置的机制,现代公司由于投资主体的多元化和法人财产权的确立出现了两权分离下的“代理人经营风险”;公司经营的扩大,在实现自己经营目标的同时可能会对他人甚至公共利益构成威胁,如何保证公司以最低的组织成本追求其经营目标,并在对自己的行为负责的框架内部运行,这就是公司治理所要解决的问题,也是维护市场经济交易安全的需要,公司治理中的交易安全主要通过公共监控和公权力来实现,但交易安全的最终目标在于增进效益的提高,因此,不能为追求安全而无视经济效率,成功的公司应是微观上实现资本增值的最大化,宏观上必须受社会责任约束。     

法律视角下农业企业与农户间的关系探析

我国农业龙头企业与农户间应形成利益共享、风险共担的机制,连接二者利益关系的行为具有民事法律性,但基层政府意志的渗透和交易主体地位事实不对等等因素,使这种一般属性的民事法律行为具有了特殊性。据此,从农户、农业龙头企业和政府三个层面分析各自的权义结构,致力于权利、义务的较优分配与组合,可以获得最优的履约承诺和信任,实现农业龙头企业与农户的良性有序发展。     

财产权二元体系新论——以排他性财产权与非排他性财产权的区分为视角

在财产权体系内,既有支配性和排他性兼具的物权、知识产权,也有支配性和排他性都不具备的财产权(如普通的合同债权),还有无支配性但有排他性的财产权(如经预告登记的债权)。财产权的性质不同,其构造技术也不相同。如果以"排他性与非排他性及与之相适应的权利构造技术"为区分要素,可将财产权分为排他性的财产权和非排他性的财产权。这种新的财产权二元体系的建构可以在保持与传统民法上物权、债权二元权利体系的传承性的同时,涵盖知识产权及其它财产权类型,并且有助于我们清晰地认识各种财产权的性质、效力以及与之相适应的权利构造特点和要求,从而有助于我们对各种财产权制度的构建和完善。     

“I WANT MY MOMMIES”: THE CRY FOR MINI‐DOMAS TO RECOGNIZE THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILDREN OF SAME‐SEX COUPLES*

In child custody cases, courts will look to the best interests of a child to maintain visitation/custody rights only with the child's biological parent, not third parties. However, with a same‐sex couple, it is inevitable that one parent will not be the biological parent. Thus, when that parent is in a mini‐DOMA state, where same‐sex couples from non‐mini‐DOMA states do not have to be recognized, that parent will be viewed as a third party and lose all visitation/custody rights if the couple separates. This note advocates that mini‐DOMAs allow both the biological and nonbiological parents of a same‐sex couple to have visitation/custody rights of their children if it would be in the best interest of the children to do so.     

网络服务合同中不平等条款的类型及其法律规制——以虚拟财产权的保护为视角

网络服务合同是确立网络运营商与用户双方权利义务的协议,是用户行使及保护其虚拟财产权的重要依托。实务中由于网络服务合同缺乏完善的法律规范,导致其中存在大量不公平的争议条款,当法律纠纷出现时,严重不利于用户对其虚拟财产权的保护与行使。如何在法律上对网络服务合同进行规制以及在司法实践中如何认定部分争议类型条款的有效性将是保护网络虚拟财产的重中之重。正基于此,在分析网络服务合同与虚拟财产权保护的主要矛盾,探讨网络服务合同中部分争议类型条款之后,对网络服务合同的法律规范提出相关建议。     

Radical Transactionalism: Legal Consciousness,Diverse Economies,and the Sharing Economy

This article proposes an original theoretical approach to the analysis of community‐level action for sustainability, focusing on its troubled relationship to the sharing economy. Through a conversation between scholarship on legal consciousness and diverse economies, it shows how struggles over transactional legality are a neglected site of activism for sustainability. Recognizing the diversity of economic life and forms of law illuminates what we call ‘radical transactionalism': the creative redeployment of legal techniques and practices relating to risk management, organizational form, and the allocation of contractual and property rights in order to further the purpose of internalizing social and ecological values into the heart of economic exchange. By viewing sharing‐economy initiatives ‘beyond Airbnb and Uber’ as sites of radical transactionalism, legal building blocks of property and capital can be reimagined and reconfigured, helping to construct a shared infrastructure for the exercise of collective agency in response to disadvantage sustained by law.     

论知识产权的私权属性——关于“知识产权的公权化理论”的置疑

知识产权与其他民事权利一样具有私权的属性。知识产权的私权属性区别于其他民事权利而有其特殊性,以致于有些学者在不否认知识产权的私权属性的前提下提出了知识产权的公权化理论,并试图用该理论来解释一些知识产权面临的新问题。知识产权的公权化理论是对私权理论的一种错误的解读,知识产权的私权属性不会也不可能改变或者会具有双重属性。     

知识产权法的价值构造:知识产权法利益平衡机制研究

利益平衡是立法和司法实践中的重要原则。知识产权法具有保护知识产权与维护公共利益的双重目的,利益平衡成为知识产权法价值构造的内核。知识产权法可以被看成是一个利益平衡机制。通过剖析知识产权法中所涉及的各种权利配置和利益分配的制度设计,可以建构一个以利益平衡原则为基础和核心的知识产权法的理论框架和体系。利益平衡也可以作为认知知识产权法的理论模式与方法论原则。     

大数据背景下个人生物识别信息安全的法律规制

个人生物识别信息具有个人数据的唯一性、程序识别性、可复制性、损害的不可逆性及信息的关联性等特征。在大数据背景下,个人生物识别信息的广泛应用会带来严重的生物信息安全风险,其滥用可造成隐私权、平等权和财产权等权益受到侵犯,需要立法进行全方位规制。我国目前个人生物信息的相关立法存在总体位阶较低且内容分散、保护范围狭窄、权利义务边界不清、法律责任不明晰等缺陷,应当采取渐进式专门立法的思路,完善现有相关部门法关于个人生物信息的规制内容,构建层次分明、内外协调的个人生物识别信息安全保护的法律体系。     

论融资租赁交易的法律构造

融资租赁交易是以出租人和承租人为当事人的两方交易,三方结构安排不利于厘清交易当事人之间的权利义务,也与合同的相对性原则有违.融资租赁交易的权利构造可以设计成“所有权+用益物权”模式,也可以设计成“所有权+租赁权”模式.这两种模式都体现了所有与利用的分离,但就承租人对租赁物的利用而言,前者属于物权性利用,后者属于债权性利用.两种建构均须公示租赁物之上的权利负担和物权变动,只不过“所有权+用益物权”模式中,公示的是租赁物上的他物权,间接公示租赁物上的所有权；“所有权+租赁权”模式中,公示的是租赁物的所有权.但这一公示又不同于不动产权利的公示,仅具对抗效力,相关制度应在“声明登记”模式之下去设计.     

民法理论在知识产权中的运用

知识产权属于私权性质的民事权利 ,与物权、债权、人身权既存在共性 ,也存在个性。从其共性入手 ,进而再探究其个性 ,以取得对知识产权问题的全面认识。研究知识产权 ,应当以民法原则、理论为基础 ;基于知识产权客体的无形性 ,传统民法理论和制度并不能完全适用于知识产权 ,因此 ,还要适用特殊的理论和制度体系 ,世界上大多数国家的知识产权法采取民事法律制度下制定知识产权单行法的立法模式就是最好的例证。     

The time limit on copyright: an unlikely tragedy of the intellectual commons

With their “tragedy of the commons” paradigm for intellectual property, Landes and Posner argue that the most important benefit of intellectual property rights is not that they generate incentives to create new works, but that they ensure the efficient exploitation of existing intellectual works. This alternative economic case for IP notably relies on the argument that allowing the copyright on certain massively popular works to expire could lead to their overexploitation, generating negative externalities similar to congestion externalities. This article will assess in detail the plausibility of this effect, by reviewing its most plausible interpretations: a boredom effect, a “blurring” or “tarnishment” effect, a snob effect, or a decrease in product diversity. I will argue that while Landes and Posner’s argument is ultimately inconclusive and unverified by the current state of empirical research, it also raises greater challenges than has usually been thought. Moreover, taking their argument seriously can also contribute to a better understanding of the purposes and limits of an intellectual property regime.     

文化多样性的主权、人权与私权分析

文化传统保护与文化发展选择是国家文化主权的基本内容;保护文化多样性的权利和自由属于基本人权的范畴;知识产权对文化创造参与者的支持和激励具有重要意义。《文化多样性公约》以主权和人权作为文化多样性保护的基本举措,并以对艺术家的知识产权保护作为补充措施,由此构建了一个保护文化多样性的多元权利形态。     

Intellectual property law and practice in the blockchain realm

Blockchain technology is claimed to be and perceived as one of the revolutionary technologies that will have an enormous impact on our lives in the forthcoming years and decades. The legal questions surrounding blockchain appear to be among the most controversial issues surrounding this novel technology, which create uncertainties as to the scope and speed of its eventual adoption. Is it legal to use blockchain technology? Does or should any governmental authority or court take a record stored in blockchain into consideration in their decisions? Is blockchain reliable? Can the technology be used for the protection and enforcement of legal and property rights?The technological advancements offered by blockchain promise wide ranges of use in a variety of sectors and legal areas, including intellectual property (IP) law. This paper will focus primarily on the possible opportunities that blockchain may offer with respect to the future of IP law and discuss its potential impact on the registration, management and enforcement of intellectual property rights. We will proceed to offer blockchain-based solutions to foster the operation of IP offices, reinforce customs procedures in detecting counterfeit products, and enhance the efficiency of IP rights management by the right holders. The paper concludes by providing some suggestions to pave the way for the advancement of blockchain technology and to increase the number of people that this technology reaches, as well as its successful integration into the various services and registration/transaction channels that we use today.