论法医学领域的标准化方法

通过对法医学领域标准化工作存在问题的分析,结合标准化方法的演变历程,运用标准体系和综合标准化的理论和方法,指出法医学领域标准化方法应以需求导向为主,通过构建标准体系指导标准化工作的开展,填补标准缺项,完善现有标准,同时积极适应多专业协同鉴定的发展需求,推进标准综合体的建立,并不断提升制标参与度,加大宣贯,促进标准的应用。     

GC/MS和GC法定性定量分析可卡因

目的建立用于可卡因案件检验鉴定的GC和GC/MS定性、定量分析方法。方法通过选择和优化,建立GC、GC/MS法检验可卡因的最佳分析条件;用分别含0.6mg/ml地西泮为内标的0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60、0.80、1.00、1.20mg/ml可卡因标准品乙醇液,考察线性范围和方法检测限。结果分析方法线性方程:GC/FID,Y=1.055X-0.0021,R2=0.9999,GC/NPD,Y=0.556X-0.0016,R2=0.9996;可卡因检测限:GC/FID法10ng,GC/NPD法2ng;分别以所建GC/FID、GC/NPD分析方法和内标法对案件中缴获的可卡因毒品进行定量分析,结果为72%±2.3%,且两方法定量重现性良好。结论本文所建方法可以用于可卡因涉毒案件的检验鉴定。     

Quantifying Uncertainty in Estimations of the Total Weight of Drugs in Groups of Complex Matrices: Using the Welch–Satterthwaite Equation

In this paper, a method is described to quantify estimations of the total amount of drugs in groups of seized items, including quantification of the precision. Previous work on this topic was based on the assumptions of normally distributed measurements and grouping of items with a common relative standard deviation. In practice, these assumptions are often violated, for example, for data with point masses at 0, or if certain items in a group have a very high standard deviation. The method described in this paper is based on work by Welch and Satterthwaite and does not assume constant relative standard deviations. Case examples are described for which the method is applied, and simulation studies are carried out for which both methods are applied. In the cases, both methods perform reasonably well. If the assumption of common relative standard deviations clearly does not apply, it is advised to use the method described.     

Comparing Standard and Selective Degradation DNA Extraction Methods: Results from a Field Experiment with Sexual Assault Kits,

A growing number of U.S. cities have large numbers of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police property facilities. Testing older kits and maintaining current case work will be challenging for forensic laboratories, creating a need for more efficient testing methods. Methods: We evaluated selective degradation methods for DNA extraction using actual case work from a sample of previously unsubmitted SAKs in Detroit, Michigan. We randomly assigned 350 kits to either standard or selective degradation testing methods and then compared DNA testing rates and CODIS entry rates between the two groups. Results and conclusions: Continuation‐ratio modeling showed no significant differences, indicating that the selective degradation method had no decrement in performance relative to customary methods. Follow‐up equivalence tests indicated that CODIS entry rates for the two methods could differ by more than ±5%. Selective degradation methods required less personnel time for testing and scientific review than standard testing.     

美国刑事诉讼中的“排除合理怀疑”

美国刑事案件的证明标准是排除合理怀疑。该标准现在是一个被广泛接受的标准，但该标准源于何时，理解上存在一定的争议。该标准在美国刑事诉讼中处于什么样的地位，不同的人观点并非完全一致。法官是否应当在给陪审团的指示中明确该标准的定义，不同的学者理解上有分歧，法院间的做法也有差异。在定义该标准时，有三种方式。对于“合理怀疑”的解读通常采用同义词“道德确信”加解释。对于是否应当量化排除合理怀疑标准，法律界也有不同的意见和方式。     

GC/MS、GC/NPD法检测毛发中的氯胺酮

目的采用液-液萃取、衍生化和GC/MS、GC/NPD方法,进行毛发中氯胺酮定性定量分析。方法选择4-苯基丁胺为内标,毛发样本用NaOH、HCl及芳基硫酸酯酶/β-葡萄糖醛酸酶等3种方式进行水解,再进行衍生化后,采用GC/MS和GC/NPD方法定性定量分析。对不同水解和衍生化条件以及提取溶剂进行比较优化,并考察方法精密度、稳定性和检出限。结果方法的提取回收率大于95%,精密度和样品稳定性良好,日内和日间标准偏差小于6%;采用GC/NPD和GC/MS直接分析毛发中的氯胺酮,检出限为0.2ng/mg和2.0ng/mg,线性范围为10.0～250.0ng/mg,相关系数均大于0.99;采用酰化衍生化后分析,GC/NPD和GC/MS检出限分别提高至0.1ng/mg和0.2ng/mg。结论该方法回收率高、检测限低,可以用于毛发中氯胺酮的定性定量分析检验。     

环境侵权诉讼证明标准初探

在中国现行单一的“高度盖然性”证明标准下 ,环境侵权诉讼面临着受害人利益难以得到保护、诉讼成本高、错判率高的巨大难题 ,为解决这些问题 ,必须重新确定合理的证明标准。我国应在无过错责任基础上 ,通过设立多元证明标准体系、确定对不同主体与不同证明对象适用不同证明标准规则、借鉴先进国家合理的证明方法等 ,以建立中国环境侵权诉讼的证明标准制度。     

Comparison of five DNA quantification methods

Six commercial preparations of human genomic DNA were quantified using five quantification methods: UV spectrometry, SYBR-Green dye staining, slot blot hybridization with the probe D17Z1, Quantifiler™ Human DNA Quantification kit and RB1 rt-PCR. All methods measured higher DNA concentrations than expected based on the information by the manufacturers. UV spectrometry, SYBR-Green dye staining, slot blot and RB1 rt-PCR gave 39, 27, 11 and 12%, respectively, higher concentrations than expected based on the manufacturers’ information. The DNA preparations were quantified using the Quantifiler™ Human DNA Quantification kit in two experiments. The measured DNA concentrations with Quantifiler were 125 and 160% higher than expected based on the manufacturers’ information. When the Quantifiler™ human DNA standard (Raji cell line) was replaced by the commercial human DNA preparation G147A (Promega) to generate the DNA standard curve in the Quantifiler™ Human DNA Quantification kit, the DNA quantification results of the human DNA preparations were 31% higher than expected based on the manufacturers’ information. The results indicate a calibration problem with the Quantifiler™ human DNA standard for its use with the Quantifiler™ Human DNA Quantification kit. The possible reasons for the problem are discussed and a solution is suggested. The results emphasise the need for standard reference DNA material and standard methods for DNA quantification.     

Evaluation of cast methods for estimating age from the os pubis.

Age-related changes of the pubic symphysis have gained wide acceptance among physical anthropologists as one basis for estimating adult skeletal age. However, these methods have not been tested by independent observers on large samples with known ages at death that represent contemporary populations. In this study 202 female and 116 male pairs of pubes collected at autopsy were blindly evaluated for age using the McKern-Stewart or Gilbert-McKern and Suchey-Brooks methods. Performance of the methods was measured by mean absolute deviation of true age from scored interval means and frequencies of true age falling within +/- 1 and +/- 2 standard deviations from the mean. The results suggest that the Suchey-Brooks methods are superior in forensic applications and that the racially specific refinement for males should be used. Age estimates should include +/- 2 standard deviations, and chances of error should be considered, especially when advanced age or debilitation is suspected.     

物证鉴定的技术方法确认和标准操作规程

物证鉴定中使用的技术方法直接影响和决定了物证检验结果的质量,因此对技术方法的管理是物证鉴定实验室质量保证体系的核心因素之一。开展技术方法的开发确认和内部确认并建立方法的标准操作规程,是保证实验室能够正确选择和使用科学可靠的技术方法,并获得一致结果的主要手段。运行高水平质量保证体系的物证鉴定实验室,应该在案件物证检验工作中使用经过实验室内部确认的技术方法,而且重要新技术方法还应在开发确认基础上进行内部确认,根据方法确认结果建立该方法的标准操作规程。     

双亲皆疑亲子鉴定STR分型亲权指数计算方法探讨

计算标准三联体亲子鉴定的PI值及探讨双亲皆疑亲子鉴定PI值计算的可靠方法 ,对常规STR分型鉴定结果 ,根据Eseen M ller计算理论 ,总结出标准三联体亲子鉴定计算PI值的 4个公式 :1/ p ,1/ ( 2 p) ,1/ (p +q) ,1/ ( 2p +2 q)。提出适用于双亲皆疑亲子鉴定的一种新的PI值计算方法 ,并与其他方法进行比较。认为该方法取值Y时 ,既考虑随机男女生孩子的可能性 ,也考虑假设父 (或假设母 )与随机个体生孩子的可能性 ,更符合随机原则。     

盐酸曲玛多的检验

本文运用气相色谱和薄层层析建立了盐酸曲玛多的定性、定量检验方法,采用内标控制,并进行了回收率测算.     

运用分子生物学方法鉴定生物检材种属的研究进展

生物检材的种属鉴定在法医、海关和食品行业中均有较多应用。当前,用于鉴定种属的分子生物学方法发展迅猛。本文结合文献,从用于种属鉴定的目的基因及筛选标准、主要分子生物学方法、鉴定存在的主要问题等方面进行综述,并结合Real-time PCR和SNP技术对未来种属鉴定的发展方向进行了预测。     

数码翻拍的图像质量分析及应用标准化探讨

翻拍是司去鉴定中固定平面类证据的常用方法之一。数码翻拍突破了传统翻拍的界限。提供了高效方法。但其图像质量及应用标准化研究尚未形成体系。本文以数码相机为例，深入分析影响翻拍质量的各因素，并对其在司法实践中如何保证和提高翻拍质量进行技术方法上的探讨。通过分析研究。界定了数码翻拍中器材使用标准、拍摄条件标准及操作标准。为司法鉴定中的翻拍应用标准化提供了借鉴与参考。     

Analysis of condom lubricants for forensic casework

The detection of DNA is inhibited in cases of sexual assault involving condom use. Trace evidence, including condom lubricant residues, provides crucial associative evidence in such cases. The existing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods for lubricant analysis and detection are limited with regard to sensitivity and discrimination. The aim of this research was to establish a new method as an alternative to FTIR for the analysis of condom lubricant residues. Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PyGC-MS) and GC-MS are highly sensitive methods of analysis for a wide range of chemical substances. PyGC-MS and GC-MS were used to analyze condom lubricants in standard solution, from clean swabs and from postcoital swabs. Pyrolysis of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) lubricant forms cyclic products known as cyclic dimethyl siloxanes (DMS), which are separated and detected by the GC-MS. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) lubricant can be analyzed by GC-MS directly from solution. The methods of extraction and analysis presented in this paper were shown to be significantly more sensitive than FTIR for the analysis of PDMS and PEG condom lubricants. PDMS was detected as low as 1 mug in standard solution and from clean swabs using the PyGC-MS method. PEG was detected as low as 0.5 microg from standard solution and 50 mug from clean swabs using the GC-MS method. Unfortunately, we were unable to provide further discrimination between condom brands and subbrands. The methods established throughout the research were used successfully to detect condom lubricants from donated postcoital swabs. Lubricants were detected in abundance on swabs 12 h postcoitus. Recommendations are made regarding implementation of new methods for routine analysis of casework samples along with strict pyrolysis interpretation criteria to minimize the possibility of misinterpretation of false positives.     

紫外分光光度法和二阶导数光谱法测定水样中的敌草快

目的建立测定水样中的敌草快的分析方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法和二阶导数光谱法测定水样中的敌草快。结果紫外分光光度法直接测定水样中的敌草快,在0.1~50μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,日内,日间精密度均小于2.6%。二阶导数光谱法在0.1~10μg/mL线性关系良好,日内、日间精密度均小于1.29%。结论该两种方法快速、简单、灵敏,适用于环境监测工作。     

刑事主观事实的证明问题初探

刑事主观事实的证明是一个世界性难题,仅靠口供等直接证据证明往往不够。间接证据证明和刑事推定是目前通行的两种有效方法,但我国的刑事立法和司法解释没有明确区分二者。间接证据体系的证明标准过高和间接证据不能单独直接证明主要案件事实共同导致间接证据证明的适用范围很有限．相应地可考虑降低证明标准和改变传统做法。刑事推定是另一种重...     

气相色谱法测定人血中乙醇的不确定度评估

本文建立了气相色谱法测定人血中乙醇含量的不确定度评定方法,考虑不确定度的来源主要包括仪器的精密度、标准物质标称值的不确定度、样品及标准物质体积的不确定度等。假定传播系数为1,对各分量进行计算与合成。经实验验证,理论推导的结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

电子证据固定应急解决办法

电子证据固定是电子数据司法鉴定工作的开始,同时也是后续所有鉴定工作的基础,因此,电子证据固定工作是否科学、规范、合法、完整,将直接影响整个司法鉴定工作的结论。本文阐述在电子证据固定工作中,如何使用专用设备和软件对电子介质进行证据固定,以及在缺少专用设备的情况下的应急解决办法。     

涉罪企业合规有效性标准研究——以A公司串通投标案为例

只有被证明是有效的合规计划,才能作为对涉罪企业从宽、免除处罚的事由,但合规有效性标准从合规诞生之日起就是个难解之题.从合规有效性标准的发展历程来看,经历了从技术性指标向文化指标转变的过程,合规有效性的核心标准是合规成为企业文化.与其问企业是否完成了合规计划的实施,不如问企业文化走向何方.奠定于卢曼的社会系统论基础之上的...