韩国电力市场化改革探析

为了克服垂直一体化公有垄断经营的韩国电力体制的缺陷,在电力工业高速发展的同时,韩国政府从电力民营化和电力工业结构调整两个方面推进了电力市场化改革。并在此过程中,明确了电力市场化改革目标,制定了详细而切实可行的改革计划。虽然韩国电力市场化改革取得了巨大成就,但也存在一些问题,需要随着改革的深入加以完善。     

Democracy over power? The democratic decision-making process in the case of the attempted privatization of Estonia's power production

The suspense-filled attempted partial privatization of the Narva Power Plants in the neo-liberal darling Estonia involved a rich cast, from trade unions and local scientists, via Estonian courts and ombudsmen to international consulting firms, major global banks and the US government. More important, a detailed single case study on the democratic decision-making process in this privatization case makes it possible to go beyond common generalizations regarding the consequences of neo-liberalism for democratic processes. It shows that purported proponents of economic neo-liberalism such as the US government sometimes use their arguments to advance the narrow business interests of politically well-connected firms. Established private firms can behave in a more rent-seeking manner than publicly owned, ex-communist companies. Liberal economic principles of open competition and a level playing-field are at times used by actors in the democratic process to question top-down, opaque economic decisions.     

浅议民营化对中国行政法治理念的挑战

公共行政的沉重负担以及竞争优于垄断的合理性为民营化赢得了正当性,民营化时代行政法治理念的主题不应再限于管理或控权,而是要致力于顺应社会发展所需的合作行政关系的构建。因此,民营化浪潮挑战的不仅有直接涉及民营化的各种具体制度和法规,而且对于政府机关的组织、权限、职能乃至于整体意义上的行政法治都提出了挑战。     

民营化进程中公用事业定价的制度基础

公用事业民营化下的市场价格失灵需要政府的定价监管,但政府定价也会产生政府失灵,需要探寻民营化进程中公用事业定价的制度基础。公用事业定价需要按照“多元”治理的新理念,实现政府、企业、公民参与的多元定价机制;将效率与公平的均衡作为政府定价的根本目标,并将竞争优先、合理公正、共同决策、公开透明作为定价的原则。根据民营化进程中公用事业定价的目标和原则,可以进行相应的制度设计,如招投标制度、公民参与制度、信息公开制度、价格听证制度等。     

城市公用事业民营化法律路径的比较分析

传统观念认为城市公用事业应当由政府所有和经营以维护公共利益,但是20世纪80年代以来,世界各国纷纷进行城市公用事业民营化的改革。当前,在我国,城市公用事业旧的经营模式的弊端已经暴露,越来越多的人开始认识到政府在城市公用事业供应中应承担责任并不等于政府直接生产产品或服务,实际上,私人生产和政府安排的有机结合更有效率。公私合资经营、合同外包和特许权经营都是实现城市公用事业民营化的有效法律路径,但是应依据具体项目的特征慎重选择甚至混合使用。     

民营化:消防管理体制改革的一种路径

城乡二元对立结构基础上的乡村巨变、消防事务治理结构内在的可分解性以及公共部门消防服务供给能力的不足,使得消防事务的民营化具有客观必要性。我国消防服务民营化改革宜采取通行的合同承包方式,通过委托民营部门生产部分消防服务实现,政府角色向事前决策者和事后监管者的嬗变,从而在维系政府公共责任的前提下向全社会公平地供给消防服务。     

Potential of the state to control privatized firms

The privatization strategy in many transition economies involved the creation of a special government agency that administered state property during privatization programs as well as after the privatization was declared complete. The National Property Fund (NPF) was the agency in the Czech Republic. In many firms the state kept property long after the privatization was completed. We analyze the control potential of the state exercised through the NPF via the control rights associated with capital stakes in firms along with special voting rights provided by law. Based on a complete data set on assets as well as the means of control in privatized firms we conclude that for most of the 1994–2005 period, the state control potential was extensive and certainly larger than has been found by earlier research.

民营化中的观念嬗变、公众参与及政府再规制——从公交民营化缘何受挫谈起

作为在公用事业领域公私合作治理的有益尝试,公交民营化缘何屡屡受挫？以湖北十堰公交民营化＂夭折＂为例,分析出其症结所在即＂民营化＂理念存在误读、＂公众参与精神＂缺失、政府监管缺位。针对这三个面向上存在的问题,从而提出,公用事业领域民营化的有效推行需要围绕＂民营化＂观念的嬗变、＂公众参与精神＂的塑造以及政府的再规制三个维度展开。     

公用事业特许与政府规制——中国水务民营化实践的初步观察

水务民营化,某种意义上是基础设施领域“公私伙伴关系”的重构,由于水务行业在特定地区内的规模经济效应和自然垄断特征,因此有必要通过招标投标的形式展开缔约前的竞争,并对公用事业特许协议的延展、终止与变更,也适用特别的规则。而出于公共性确保的需要,政府还要对特许后的公用事业予以后续规制,这主要包括价格规制、质量规制、对普遍服务义务和公众参与及知情权保障的要求等四个方面。     

新公共管理在日本的实践——兼谈对中国的启示

上个世纪70年代后半期以来,西方各国公共管理领域掀起了“新公共管理”浪潮。日本在引进这种改革措施时,为了适应本国传统行政文化,作了某些修正。在经合组织成员国中,日本的新公共管理改革是独特的,对中国的经济、行政改革有一些有益的启示。