公正及公益的动力——从《未能信录》看儒家思想对清代地方官行使公共职能的影响

自秦汉家天下帝制体系确立以来,政府官员的角色常摆于私家臣仆和国家公务员之间。两种角色既有交叉重合又时时产生矛盾冲突。以《未能信录》所收清人张五纬在嘉庆年间办理江西各州县司法及政务的若干案例为例证,探讨清代地方官如何在这两种角色定位之间寻求调和。虽然清代地方官之勤惰、廉贪、仁苛、正邪各有不同,因而促成其履行公共职能的动因也不一而足,单以张五纬所记录之个案来看,参之其它旁证材料,张氏勉力追求司法公正及推进地方公益事业之根本思想动因乃源于儒家思想之浸润,而非清代官僚体制自身。     

反思"社会福利社会化"政策

发端于20世纪80年代的社会福利社会化,其改革动机不断复杂化.尽管该政策产生了一些积极的效果,但离政府的预期目标尚有距离.     

Spousal Violence Among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union—General Population and Welfare Recipients

This study examines psychological and marital risk factors of 322 immigrant FSU couples in Israel. The research focuses on two populations: the general immigrant population and the welfare immigrant population; the latter group is comprised of couples treated in welfare service departments. The dependent variable is spousal violence. The independent variables are: education level, gender, symbolic loss, psychological adjustment (both positive and negative emotions) and the “cultural–familial gap”. Surprisingly, it was found that the welfare immigrant population reports less spousal violence than the regular immigrant population. In addition, a correlation was found between spousal violence and the following factors: higher education, lower level of psychological adjustment and greater familial-cultural gap between the country of origin and Israel. The discussion focuses on the characteristics of FSU immigrants—educational level and orientation towards cultural preservation—within the Israeli context that connects to psychological responses which, in turn, creates spousal violence.     

后现代科学观

针对科学悲观论把当今世界发生的一切灾难和罪恶都归罪于科学 :人本主义责备科学使人失去人性 ,保守主义谴责科学把人类生存环境变成大废墟 ,新左派认为科学在用炸弹威胁着人类生命 ,非理性主义激烈反对科学沙文主义的现实 ,后现代科学主义则主张克服原有科学的弊端 ,创立新的后现代科学 ;建立人与自然的和谐 ;追求科学的实用性、解释的有效性 ;把宇宙的活动作为一个整体包容其中 ;驱逐科学的祛魅作用 ;规范科学的职责就是推动人类的进步、发展和文明。     

Career Search Efficacy Among an At-Risk Sample

SUMMARY

Since the introduction of welfare reform more job training programs have become available to welfare recipients; however, these programs rarely undergo thorough assessments of their effectiveness in improving the psychological well-being of participants. The purpose of this study was to examine how career search efficacy may change among welfare (n= 14) and non-welfare recipients (n= 27) enrolled in a 10-week work training program that included classroom instruction, job simulation practice, and an internship. Results suggested that both welfare and non-welfare recipients improved on two career search efficacy factors (interviewing and network efficacy) from the start to end of the training program.     

Globalization,Integration, and the European Welfare State

This paper considers three challenges to the mature European welfare states posed by economic and social integration, demographic changes, and the alleged decline of state capacity in the form of fiscal extraction in an era of globalization. I argue that the experiences of the older member states in the European Union are difficult to reconcile with the common assertions that globalization necessarily leads to a “race to the bottom” where welfare spending is downsized to the lowest common denominator. I develop a set of hypotheses on plausible linkages between demographic challenges, globalization, political capacity, and welfare spending, and test the propositions in an empirical analysis of 14 European Union member states from 1983 to 1998. My empirical results suggest that economic integration does not pose a threat to European welfare states. Rather, demographic changes such as low fertility rates and the aging of the population and their political implications for political leaders’ incentives are more serious challenges for the continuation of the welfare state in Europe.     

美国福利行政正当程序模式研究

美国福利行政正当程序模式经历了法定权利模式向授权合同模式的转变。在法定权利模式下,福利是一项新财产权,因而直接获得宪法中正当程序条款的保护。授权合同模式源于1996年福利改革法案,该法案否定了福利的法定权利属性,并要求福利领受人与获得授权的地方政府签订公共救助合同,通过履行一定的义务来获得政府福利。通过授权合同的签署,部分州对福利领受人的程序保护有了新发展。比较而言,司法机关在法定权利模式中处于主导地位,立法机关则在授权合同模式中处于主导地位。美国福利行政正当程序模式的发展,对我国的服务型政府建设具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Facets of nativism: a heuristic exploration

ABSTRACT

Contemporary radical right-wing populism is an ideational compound of anti-elite populism and nativism, the latter encapsulated in the notion that ‘the own people’ should come first. Like populism, nativism has proven to be a rather elusive concept, particularly when it comes to its relationship to related concepts, such as patriotism, nationalism and particularly racism. Originally developed to analyse anti-immigrant sentiments in the United States and Canada, the term ‘nativism’ has recently been increasingly used to understand the success of the radical populist right in Europe and elsewhere. In this article, Betz present three facets of nativism: economic nativism, centred on the notion that jobs should be reserved for native citizens; welfare chauvinism, based on the notion that native citizens should be accorded absolute priority when it comes to social benefits; and symbolic nativism, advancing the notion that government should do everything to defend the cultural identity of a given national society. Whereas, in the past, economic considerations, including concerns about the viability of the welfare state, were central to anti-immigrant sentiment, in recent years, symbolic nativism, grounded in a defence of national cultural identity, is central to the success of radical right-wing populist mobilization.     

Gault's Promise Revisited: The Search For Due Process

Fifty years ago, due process was introduced into the juvenile courts, but today children still do not have the guiding hand of counsel at every stage of the proceedings. In assessing the pre‐Gault world, Chief Justice Fortas observed that “[a] child receives the worst of both worlds:…he gets neither the protections accorded to adults nor the solicitous care and regenerative treatment postulated for children.” 1 Fortas opined that “Then as now good will and compassion were admirably prevalent. But recent studies have entered with surprising unanimity, sharp dissent to the vitality of this gentle conception. They suggest that the appearance as well as the actuality of fairness‐ impartiality and orderliness‐ in short the essentials of due process may be a more therapeutic attitude so far as the juvenile is concerned.” 2 The prescience of his observation has found resonance and reinforcement with the 2013 publication of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach 3 which was commissioned by the Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention (OJJDP). Reforming Juvenile Justice's emphasis on encouraging not only the perception but the actuality of fairness in all domains 4 connects directly to the essence of Gault's message. “Treating youth fairly and ensuring that they perceive that have been treated fairly and with dignity contribute to positive outcomes in the normal processes of social learning, moral development, and legal socialization adolescence.” 5 The research also demonstrates that public health oriented alternatives to traditional court processing promote social connection and positive youth development. 6 The OJJDP report provides a road map for promoting positive youth development and social engagement by demonstrating that supporting such policies improves public safety outcomes by reducing recidivism. In exploring whether Gault's promise of due process has been realized or is still aspirational, this article suggests that our inquiry requires us to think contextually by considering how children and families are treated in and out of the courtroom. This entails consideration of educational, child welfare and mental health services, as well as the scope of legal entitlements. Equity and fundamental fairness, euphemisms for due process, are what will truly effectuate Gault's promise and should be the benchmark for all courts and systems that engage with children.     

失声的女性历史

从生产力发展、历史文化变迁等角度考察中国女性的漫长历史可以发现,女性经历了一个由辉煌走向失落的发展过程,其中男女两性在生产中地位的不断改变以及由此而形成的男权文化的深刻偏见,导致了女性集体的沉默.