论“中小企业”的立法界定标准——从 比 较 法 的 视 角

西方各国对“中小企业”的立法界定标准差异显著，在其本国内每一部政府扶持立法通常都规定了自己的“中小企业”定义。我国对“中小企业”的立法界定标准先后进行过几次大调整，但目前的立法仍存在诸多缺陷，需要进一步加以完善。立法界定“中小企业”，应以“小”的本质涵义为起点，以“相对随意性”为指导理论。     

论小公司立法规制的三种模式

进入21世纪以来，一些西方发达国家纷纷大幅度调整了公司立法，其共同特点是增强了对小公司发展的促进措施。公司法在处理小公司问题上有三种不同的模式．即特殊的公司形式、公司的替代形式以及采取“小公司优先”原则。其中”小公司优先”原则又可以采取不同的实现方式。     

建立科学的宅基地流转制度

由于我国现行的城乡二元体制和法律规定,严格限制城市居民到农村购买房屋,阻碍了宅基地使用权的自由流转。这种做法是计划经济体制的延续,与我国市场经济的基本原则不符,造成农民与城市居民的不公平境遇。应打破身份的限制,建立科学合理的农村宅基地流转制度。     

物权效力及其类型的另路分析——兼谈与效力类型相连的物权效力量

结合物权运行状态和情势进行梳理,物权有基础性实行效力、衍生性保全效力与转化性救济效力。实行效力契合物权本旨,表现静态归属和物权人得通过一定实行行为使物满足需求的动态过程。保全效力主要指物权请求权,属衍生性请求权,其独立性要求或重新认识侵权行为法的债法地位,或将其中物权请求权效力的内容还原归位到物权法。救济效力是物权的最终效力,也是损害赔偿之债或不当得利之债的效力,于此物权效力与债权效力合一。对物权效力作量的考察可帮助认识物权效力边界和作用范围。实行效力转化为救济效力时,不存在如债权获得救济时的“同一性”而是效力量受到了减损。可提出某些物权救济之债具有相较一般债权优先的办法来还原和保持物权效力量。     

我国中小企业融资效率研究

我国中小企业主要集中在一些技术含量低,风险相对低,劳动密集型的产业和行业。其利润水平低,存在着资金供给渠道狭窄,内源融资规模有限,直接有效的资金供给不足,风险投资渠道不完善,商业信用不发达,以及贷款供给期限过短等障碍。中小企业融资效率主要受融资成本、资金到位率、资金利用率、企业清偿能力、融资机制规范程度、融资主体自由度等六方面的制约。为此应重视内源融资,优化资本结构,多种融资模式结合;强化现代企业制度,改善公司治理结构,选择符合企业长远利益的好的投资项目,保持对企业的控制权;建立针对中小企业的证券市场,完善中小企业的信用担保体系,有效降低企业的融资成本,为企业直接融资效率的提高创造良好的宏观条件。     

产业集群与中小企业融资优势分析

产业集群对于中小企业的发展起着至关重要的作用,能够为中小企业营造一种融资优势环境,增强中小企业的信用能力,提高其技术创新能力.这种优势来源于集群所产生的外部经济,在产业集群所形成的网络系统中,中小企业的融资环境不断得以优化.     

独联体国家法院系统比较研究

在独联体国家中,政治体制不同的国家宪法文本中规定的内容则有很大的区别。对独联体国家中的政治体制不同的几个国家的法院系统在宪法文本规定层面上作一比较研究,通过对各国法院系统的结构、职权,法官的职责、权利、地位以及司法权和其他与司法相关的权利方面等方面进行的比较可发现这些比较研究对我国当今的司法制度有多方面的启示。     

The five shades of grey: party systems and authoritarian institutions in post-Soviet Central Asian states

ABSTRACT

This article overviews and seeks to explain the processes of party system formation in the post-Soviet Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) by focusing on a crucial party-system property, fragmentation. The analysis reveals that to a much greater extent than in democracies, where party systems are largely shaped by societal factors, the level of party system fragmentation in autocracies is determined by the scope of presidential powers, as entrenched in the formal institutional order and reflected in the national constitution. The level of authoritarianism is largely inconsequential for party system fragmentation, while the role of electoral rules is secondary. Institutionally weak and institutionally strong autocratic presidents have a preference for fragmented party systems, while presidents with an intermediate range of powers seek and obtain low levels of party system fragmentation.     

Moving towards EU membership and away from liberal democracy

ABSTRACT

The article concludes the Special Issue, Illiberal Politics in Southeast Europe, on the retreat of liberal democracy in the region. It focuses on the central themes that link all the papers together: free and fair elections, media freedom, judicial independence, privileged access to public resources and the role of civil society. It seeks to disentangle the causes and consequences of illiberal politics in the region and explores the similarities in the illiberal practices and strategies incumbents use with the aim of staying in power indefinitely. The main argument is that democratic backsliding in Southeast Europe is deeply rooted in the unfinished transitions of the 1990s, which gave rise to new political and economic elites and that blending those two into one resulted in the dominance of the executive over the judiciary and legislature. These new elites became entrenched during the wars and conflicts that affected the region. The enabling factors were of societal origin – clientelist practices, corruption, nepotism and mistrust in politics accompanied by external factors – as well as international pull and push factors (from the EU and Russia) along with a domino effect of democratic backsliding in the region.     

Commonwealth Small States,Education and Environmental Uncertainty: Learning from the Sharp End

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the Commonwealth’s inclusive role in engaging with the distinctive challenges of education provision in small states, an agenda that is often neglected elsewhere. We examine the origins of Commonwealth work on education in small states, the nature of its comparative advantage, its role in facilitating small states’ engagement with international education dialogue and regional co-operation, and the demand and potential for ongoing Commonwealth support for education. Particular attention is given to experience within the Caribbean region and to the potential for the Commonwealth and the wider international community to learn from small states in the light of their distinctive educational challenges, achievements and priorities – and, most notably, their experience at the ‘sharp end’ of environmental uncertainty and climate change.