What Role for Human Rights in Business?

The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) were endorsed by the United Nations Human Rights Council in June 2011, following the six‐year mandate of the Special Representative to the Secretary General (SRSG) on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. The SRSG developed a framework comprised of three pillars: (1) States have a duty to protect against human rights abuses committed by third parties, including business enterprises; (2) business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights; and (3) victims of business‐related human rights abuses need access to effective remedies. In particular, guiding principle (GP) 11 provides that business enterprises should respect human rights, that is, they should avoid infringing on the human rights of others and address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved. This article considers the implications of the Guiding Principles' framework for business; the continuing role of conventional accountability mechanisms in providing access to remedy for victims under the third pillar of the framework; and developments in ‘hard law', with a particular focus on the approach by the UK, since the introduction of the UNGPs, before turning, briefly, to the future for business and human rights.     

Regulating Autonomy: An Assessment of Policy Language for Highly Automated Vehicles

Self‐driving cars (also known as driverless cars, autonomous vehicles, and highly automated vehicles [HAVs]) will change the regulatory, political, and ethical frameworks surrounding motor vehicles. At the highest levels of automation, HAVs are operated by independent machine agents, making decisions without the direct intervention of humans. The current transportation system assumes human intervention though, including legal and moral responsibilities of human operators. Has the development of these artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous system (AS) technologies outpaced the ethical and political conversations? This paper examines discussions of HAVs, driver responsibility, and technology failure to highlight the differences between how the policy‐making institutions in the United States (Congress and the Public Administration) and technology and transportation experts are or are not speaking about responsibility in the context of autonomous systems technologies. We report findings from a big data analysis of corpus‐level documents to find that enthusiasm for HAVs has outpaced other discussions of the technology.     

论国家公务人员监督过失责任追究机制的构建——从矿难事故中刑事责任的追究切入

在我国矿难等生产安全责任事故中，存在着司法机关对监督过失者无法追究或者很少追究刑事责任的司法错位，造成了安全生产事故防控的困难和罪刑的失衡。化解这一司法困境的进路是借鉴监督过失理论，构建我国的国家公务人员监督过失责任追究机制。具体建议为：其一，设立业务监督过失罪和职务监督过失罪；其二，在监督过失犯罪中增设资格刑和罚金刑；其三，在司法中适用“信赖原则”限制司法权力滥用；其四，在诉讼程序上实行“举证责任倒置”。     

论公司社会责任的司法实践——从公益诉讼角度谈我国公司社会责任司法实践的完善

公司社会责任是公司在追求利润最大化的同时对社会应尽的责任。我国公司社会责任的实体法规定相对完善,而在诉讼法领域却一直缺少与实体规定相对应的救济程序,导致公司违反社会责任,对社会公共利益构成危害时没有合适的诉讼程序对其进行追究,因此,构建公益诉讼程序应是完善我国公司社会责任司法实践的重要步骤。依据我国具体国情,应从立法和实务操作上分别着手,改革我国的诉讼结构,构建公益诉讼制度,以期增加公司社会责任的可诉性,把公司社会责任真正落实到司法实践中。     

Analysis of the Identification of Decriminalization of Loan Defrauding from the Perspective of Self－Responsibility Benchmark

The current criminal law on loan defrauding is flawed. It requires reflection and improvement. On the basis of an empirical research into the precedent loan defrauding cases, under the guidance of the self－responsibility theory, this article advocates the timely decriminalization of the borrower as the victim and calls to account the lender’s legal responsibility. Legal enforcement on negative responsibility and the practical criminal law interpretation provides support for this measure. The rationale of the decriminalization of the borrower and the legal responsibility of the lender should be ensured according to the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified purpose, instead of any arbitrary expansion of its application. Its purport is to seek an effective path for the balance and coordination between the borrower and the lender in their interest relationship, so as to solve actual problems such as financing difficulties in practice, which is a comprehensive and effective protection for both sides’ legal interests, and is an innovation and harmonious development of the socialist market economy in our country.     

论我国警察对危难的救助

“见危应救”是人民警察法要求的人民警察应履行的法定义务之一。人民警察危难救助的内涵及范围、救助的主体、救助的时间、技能和条件须明确界定。人民警察“见危不救”应承担刑事、行政和赔偿费用的法律责任；特定情形下人民警察“见危不救”可以不承担法律责任。     

商业银行践行社会责任的内在诱因与理论基础

近几年来，国内外银行业掀起一股践行社会责任的潮流。无疑，商业银行践行社会责任不仅是促进社会和谐的必然要求，也是提升自身竞争力的重要途径。由此，商业银行社会责任运动在国内外的兴起是一种必然。可持续发展理念的提出与普及并由此引发的国内与国际层面立法变化成为银行践行社会责任的制度基础，而对风险的规避以及商机的获取是银行践行社会责任的内在诱因。在学理上，商业银行社会责任的兴起不仅得到法哲学与法经济学方面的麦梓．在政治折举等方面一样有暑底蕴深厚的理论采础。     

对我国责任政府体系构建的理论分析

构建责任政府是我国行政体制改革的应然价值取向。然而,当前我国政府体系中存在的诸多问题,严重阻碍了我国责任政府体系的构建。通过培育责任行政文化、加强和完善法制建设和加快培育公民社会等措施,可以更新政府执政理念,实现问责制度化,夯实责任政府构建的社会基础,最终达到完善我国责任政府体系的目的。     

论制度正义及其责任主体

正义是制度之魂,制度正义不仅表现为社会主体的利益均衡与协调,而且表现为公民个人自由、机会、平等、尊严等权利的维护。正义制度对社会进步发挥着十分重要的作用,但制度正义不是自然而然实现的。政府是制度正义的责任主体,制度正义的实现必须依靠政府来推动。政府推动制度正义建设的具体途径有:政府立法要以公共利益最大化为价值取向;政府要以民生为本进行制度设计;政府的政策制定要推动道德进步。     

我国失地农民问题中的政府责任综述

随着我国城市化和工业化进程的加快，征地规模不断扩大，失地农民的数量与日俱增。文章从政府责任角度出发，着重分析政府在失地农民征地补偿制度、养老、医疗、失业保障及监督机制五个方面的责任缺失，提出政府责任在解决当前失地农民问题中的路径完善。