遗传资源获取管制和惠益分享制度的立法模式选择

建立遗传资源的获取管制和惠益分享法律制度是我国目前环境立法中的一个重要课题,如何确定立法模式、规范遗传资源的获取途径及惠益分享条件和内容是难点.制定以专门立法为主、修改既有法律为辅的双层立法模式体系,并对其中的主管机构、遗传资源的获取步骤、惠益分享等制度提出具体安排,是解决这个问题的有益尝试.     

“恶人”先告状 法院应受理——论民事法律关系义务人的确认利益

民事法律关系的权利人起诉义务人为民事诉讼的常态,但在司法实践中也存在民事法律关系的义务人对权利人提起确认诉讼的诉讼形态。在我国,民事法律关系义务人提起的确认之诉有着其特殊的含义。对于这类形态的诉讼,无论从民事诉讼法理层面还是我国《民事诉讼法》的立法层面来看,法院都应当受理。     

再论侦查主体——与《侦查主体体系分析》一文商榷

《侦查主体体系分析》一文从侦查法主体的视角,提出了不同法律制度下侦查主体的差异问题。侦查法主体的性质,关涉到其法律关系是否适合案侦生产力的问题。法主体的权责利,有两方面的含义:一是针对侦查组织中的侦查员群体而言的,他们是侦查活动中的生产力要素;二是将侦查组织看成人的结构系统方式,则其表现的是侦查活动中的生产关系。侦查法主体的局限性就在其脱离了事实的视角。法学的立足点是实证,而不是法权,但实证也是有局限性的。侦查主体应该"以人为本",以侦查员为本。     

中药治疗晚期肝癌的疗效评价

目的试用临床受益评价中药治疗晚期肝癌的疗效。方法对1999年1月至2003年12月间连续收住的133例Ⅳ期肝癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。临床受益定义为:①Child-Pugh分期和(或)卡氏评分(Karnofsky s performance scoring,KPS)改善(≥20);②上两项稳定并肿瘤大小或甲胎蛋白(alpha fe-toprotein,AFP)减少25%以上。用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,用log rank法检验。结果1个周期治疗后患者整体临床受益率为20.3%。中药治疗、中药联合肝动脉化疗栓塞和其他治疗的临床受益率分别为22.7%、30.7%和11.9%。患者中位生存率为3.1个月(95%可信区间为1.97~4.23),1年生存率为19.3%。结论中药治疗有效提高了Ⅳ期肝癌患者的临床受益。     

Validating a novel tool for coding body worn camera footage of police-community member interactions

Objectives

This study aimed to validate a tool for coding police body-worn camera (BWC) footage to measure the dynamics of police–community encounters, including items related to community members, officer performance, and situational outcomes.

Methods

Over 1000 BWC videos were scored by five coders who participated in an iterative interrater reliability exercise to improve the agreement. Krippendorf's alphas and a multilevel simultaneous component analysis were used to assess interrater reliability and the component structure of ratings, respectively. Bootstrapped and multilevel exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to ascertain any underlying dimensions supporting officer and community member behavior, and cluster analyses were performed to examine whether interactions could be grouped into coherent categories.

Results

The lower bound of unweighted means of bootstrapped alphas ranged from 0.67 to 0.96 depending upon item type, and 21.60% of the total variance in raters was between-subjects. Factor analyses revealed only a single factor (“defensiveness”) underlying four items related to hostility directed toward officers by community members. Cluster analyses described seven categories that were highly overlapping but conceptually plausible with cluster silhouette means ranging from −0.06 to 0.13.

Conclusions

We validated a collection of interval-level coding metrics on a random sample of over 1000 interactions between police officers and community members recorded through BWCs. In doing so, we provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners to effectively measure the dynamics of police–community encounters and officer performance within those encounters and a framework for addressing the validity and reliability of items in future studies involving the measurement of BWC footage.     

劳动关系调节模式的选择

人力资源管理调节模式是适合现阶段中国国情的劳动关系调节模式.因为造成目前中国劳动关系紧张的最主要原因在于利益均衡机制的缺失,而人力资源管理调节模式可以加快利益均衡机制的形成.