中国版证券集团诉讼制度研究--以新《证券法》第95条第3款为分析对象

新《证券法》第95条第3款确立了我国证券民事纠纷领域由投资者保护机构主导的"默示加入、明示退出"集团诉讼制度。美国律师主导的退出制集团诉讼、我国台湾地区投资者保护机构主导的加入制团体诉讼,以及我国香港地区证券监管部门主导的证券民事赔偿制度,均取得了不错的实践效果。我国证券集团诉讼作为一项新事物,存在缺乏相应的程序性设计、投保机构的性质和职责不够明确、律师在集团诉讼中的角色定位不够清晰等不足。结合域外集团诉讼经验和我国具体实际,建议细化证券集团诉讼的案件选取、适格原告登记、原告退出权公告、法院审理判决、赔偿金支付等诉讼流程,明确投保机构公益性质及其诉讼代表人职责,并鼓励律师参与集团诉讼。     

企业合规不起诉监管问题比较研究

我国近年来企业合规不起诉已经大规模开展，亟须对适用不起诉的企业合规计划进行监管。企业合规不起诉的监管机制应当是企业合规不起诉的条件和后续工作。域外一些国家在处理企业合规案件中大量利用不起诉和可撤回起诉机制，通过比较研究，归纳得出合规计划有效性评估、内外部独立监督体系设置以及合规补救措施的成效性三个方面共同构成企业合规不起诉的监管框架。我国应结合不同类型企业的现实合规监管探索，重视完善中小微民营企业合规不起诉的监管机制。我国构建企业合规不起诉的监管机制，可以从提高检察建议的约束力、增强内外部监督体系的独立性和加强合规成效评估的检察主导性三大路径进行完善。     

行政公益诉讼诉前程序与行政争议实质化解决

行政公益诉讼所解决问题属于行政争议的范畴,其与一般的行政争议只是在争议主体、争议的问题以及争议的解决程序上有所区别,但究其本质,其是对行政权力行使进行有效监督的重要途径,在一定程度上弥补了对于行政机关不作为行为的监督不足的情况。从行政公益诉讼的“双阶构造”理论出发,针对当前实践中存在的诉前程序实施领域模糊、案件处理困境以及监督机制缺位的问题,基于检察视野,对行政公益诉讼诉前程序扩大提请主体和提请受案范围、构建诉前程序分流模式以及落实诉前程序的后续监督机制提出相关的完善建议。此外,行政权的行使有其独立性,因此通过检察权对行政权进行监督时,公益诉讼具有与其他行政诉讼不同的诉讼构造,但监督的目的在于公益的保护和实现,因此除了一般的裁判解决外,通过诉前的督促程序,促使行政主体依法履职尽责,是公益诉讼制度发挥其应有价值的实现途径之一。     

Negative reactions to the sexually abused victims,withdrawing the complaint and outcomes of the litigation: the first data from Turkey

In order to provide psychosocial services to children with sexual abuse (SA) histories, their needs and problems should be initially identified. In this study, it is intended to determine the psychosocial problems of victims. Participants were 73 victims between aged between 16 and 21. A telephone interview form was used to collect the study data. It is found that there were several problems noted by victims, including underage marriage (15.1%), teenage pregnancy (6.9%), revictimization (13.7%), need for psychiatric support (21.9%) as well as negative social reaction (84.4%) and not being supported by family (41.1%). One-third of the victims (30.1%) had withdrawn the complaint for reasons such as SA being heard among social circle, the negative effect of court process on psychological well-being, make a new beginning and reasons related to the suspects. Finally, it was found out that 21.9% of the parents did not know the outcome of the litigation, 34.2% of them were satisfied with the case result, 43.8% of them were not satisfied with the penalty, 43.8% of the litigation process was ended in favor of the suspect and 43.9% of the suspects were punished. This study shows the need for prevention and intervention studies to solve the problems of SA victims, and it is essential to make the justice system child-friendly.     

行政诉讼中必要参加诉讼第三人权利救济制度之完善

行政诉讼中对必要参加诉讼第三人的权利救济,虽然在修改前后的《行政诉讼法》及其相应司法解释中都有涉及,但是无论在实体还是在程序方面,均存在较多的问题。这不仅给必要参加诉讼第三人的权利救济带来一定的困难,也成为许多行政案件案结事未了,甚至行政案件申诉、上访、信访率高的重要原因之一。要建立起一套完整的行政诉讼必要参加诉讼第三人权利救济制度体系,以下几个问题值得关注:必要参加诉讼第三人申请参加诉讼未获准,应当赋予其上诉权;没有申请参加诉讼,法院应当通知其参加;遗漏必要参加诉讼第三人的案件,二审法院并非一律发回重审;应赋予被遗漏的必要参加诉讼第三人提起再审之诉的权利;应当赋予必要参加诉讼第三人管辖异议权;必要参加诉讼第三人在终审前都可以参与诉讼程序;参照原被告举证责任完善必要参加诉讼第三人的举证责任制度;强化行政诉讼生效裁判执行中必要参加诉讼第三人的权利保障。     

消费公益诉讼原告主体的扩张与完善

目前,我国提起消费公益诉讼原告范围的规定过窄,阻碍了消费公益诉讼发挥应有价值。基于公益诉讼原告资格扩张的理论,消费公益诉讼的诉讼主体呈现广泛性的特点。公民提起消费公益诉讼可以弥补“官方组织”提起消费公益诉讼的不足,充分发挥律师在消费公益诉讼中的作用。应在借鉴美国消费者集体诉讼制度的基础上,确认公民具有提起消费公益诉讼的资格。     

代表人诉讼制度的反思与重构

代表人诉讼制度具有其他诉讼方式难以替代的独到的公共利益实现功能。代表人诉讼分为代表人共同诉 讼和代表人集团诉讼,前者是在共同诉讼的前提和基础上发展而来,后者则突破了共同诉讼的极限,在不要求所有的人 起诉的前提下,由代表人代表集团起诉,进行集团诉讼。     

完善民事再审程序的几点思考

我国民事再审程序在提起再审的主体方面,再审事由的设置、再审时限等方面存在种种弊端,影响了司法独立和程序公正,不利于保障当事人的合法权益。应尽快从确立再审之诉制度、改革提起再审主体制度、合理界定再审事由、明确再审时限和次数等方面予以完善。     

推定在民事诉讼中的运用

由于法律推定和事实推定的诉讼功能不同,民事诉讼中推定适用的基本规则应分为法律推定与事实推定两种。同时为了加强程序规制推定在民事诉讼中的运用,需要设置推定适用的程序性规则。另外,为了平衡当事人的攻击与防御手段,需要赋予受推定不利影响的另一方当事人以救济方法。     

Public Law and Popular Justice

Group litigation is becoming commonplace. Rules of standing have been relaxed to allow groups to bring representative actions on behalf of their members or to act 'in the public interest'. Groups increasingly intervene in actions between third parties, presenting amicus briefs. This article traces the origins of group action in courts and speculates on the possible effects of changes which blur traditional distinctions between legal and political process, concluding that the legal process must be kept broadly within traditional boundaries, if the qualities of independence, rationality and finality for which it is valued are to be maintained.