大数据时代的智慧辩护

以大数据、人工智能等为代表的智能科技正在我国刑事司法空间内主导着全面而深远的变革。相较于法检系统面对这场时代潮流所进行的主动、全面的自我革新,智能科技虽在刑事辩护领域得到了一定程度的应用,但技术与业务的交融协同有限,故总体上仍停留在初级发展阶段。实际上,刑事辩护可在大数据驱动下实现向智慧辩护的转型,包括改变律师工作方式,使之从办公自动化跨越为业务智能化;在卷宗审阅、证据审查判断、类案/关联法条推送、司法规律挖掘等工作中强化科技支撑成分,辅助律师作出辩护决策;以及重塑业务导向定位,积极开拓风险防控型业务领域。但在转型过程中,应注意在数据来源上另辟蹊径,在借鉴法院、检察院经验时因地制宜地作出调整,尤其是在法律与技术的融合中坚持住法律的主导地位,把握好智慧的根源所在。     

Enhancing judicial skills in domestic violence cases: the development,implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a model US programme

ABSTRACT

The overwhelming number and complexity of domestic violence cases in criminal and family courts has resulted in the development of education programmes to assist judges. There is limited research on judicial education in this area. This paper reviews one such initiative entitled ‘Enhancing Judicial Skills in Domestic Violence Cases’ (EJS) that has been developed and implemented over the last 20 years by the National Judicial Institute on Domestic Violence, a partnership of the US Department of Justice Office on Violence Against Women, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges and Futures Without Violence. We present findings of a preliminary evaluation of the programme based on the self-reports of 480 judges who had taken the four-day workshop between 2006 and 2010. Overall, judges reported the programme to be engaging and effective. At a six-month follow‐up, most of the judges identified specific benefits and behavior changes in the areas of access to justice, judicial leadership, victim safety, and abuser accountability as a result of participating in the programme. Critical issues in judicial education are highlighted based on the authors’ experiences in the development and implementation of this programme.     

Science and Technology and the President's Crime Commission

The U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice added a Task Force on Science and Technology as somewhat of an afterthought because there had then been very little interaction between science and technology and the criminal justice system (CJS). The task force focused on the CJS as a whole and interactions among its parts, with an important emphasis on analysis of the operating systems and on the important potential role of information systems as the technology advanced. The potential applications of contemporary information and electronic technologies is considerable, especially for assessing risk and needs of identified offenders and for providing relevant information wherever needed. There is urgent need for scientific evaluation of many of the positive and negative aspects of the operation of the CJS and of the potential for new technologies.     

我国性价值观的发展与性犯罪立法的完善

刑法规范是伦理性最强的法律规范之一,随着经济、行政犯罪在刑法中的比重相应增加,刑法规范的伦理性逐步弱化,法益保护色彩加强。我国刑事立法的修改与完善方向是:直面同性恋,明确卖淫含义,不对强制猥亵的行为对象进行限制;对与淫秽物品有关的行为不宜泛犯罪化,应当就其场所、内容、范围、对象的不同加以区别;宽容对待隐私权,维护社会公德,加强对未成年人的保护;增加性贿赂的刑罚制裁,严厉打击权色交易。     

论刑事司法公众认同缺失的原因

行政与司法的二元化模式是刑事司法公众认同缺失的制度原因。立法的精英化与司法评价的平民化是刑事司法公众认同缺失的主体原因。刑事判决技术化过剩而判决伦理化缺失是刑事司法公众认同缺失的法律原因。     

Analysis on the Quantity of Offence of "Fraud Loan"

“Fraud Loan” is a new criminal phenomenon that started to appear recently. Its basic form is fraud, but more than ten types of crimes such as provocation, forced trading, extortion, robbery or kidnapping may be committed just because of the diversity of ways of obtaining property. To identify the number of crimes convicted by “Fraud Loan”, three principles should be adhered to. Firstly, all acts of the perpetrators should be evaluated comprehensively so as to maximize the protection of legal interests. Secondly, it is necessary to prohibit repeated evaluation to protect the human rights of the accused. Thirdly, we should make an overall evaluation to conform to the cognitive regulation. When the act of purpose and means of the perpetrators violate different crimes respectively, the heavier one should be chosen. Those who directly “claim debt” through violence, coercion, kidnapping, etc., are escalated into serious crimes such as robbery and kidnapping. If perpetrators violate other legal interests of the victim in addition to the crime of property, they will also be punished for multiple crimes.     

刑事立法政策与公众认同论纲

刑法的公众认同属于观念刑法中的一环,是基于某种文化立场对刑事立法和司法活动产生的情感碰撞。公众认同对刑事立法政策中犯罪的性质和范围、刑罚的幅度等的确定具有不可或缺的作用。但公众意见亦有一些先天不足,如非理性、滞后性与不稳定性等。为了弥补这些不足,应在坚持罪刑法定原则的前提下,实现公众对刑法更高的认同感,需要从提高公众的法规范意识、立法吸纳民意程序化、刑法解释常识化等方面着手予以实现。     

刑事错案预防与纠错机制研究——基于浙江张氏“叔侄强奸案”的启示

法治是文明发展到一定历史阶段的标志,也是衡量一个国家发展水平的重要标尺。而余祥林案、“叔侄强奸案”等错案频频发生,引起人们对公平与正义的深深思考,而错案侵蚀着法治的精神,扭曲了法治的灵魂。在目前的刑事司法体制下,必须通过严格的刑事诉讼程序来保障刑事司法公正。基于人类认识的非至上性,司法实践中错案又不可避免地发生,因此及时纠正刑事错案是刑事司法公正的重要体现。目前我国刑事司法中存在错案发现不自觉、错案纠错不及时、申诉渠道不畅通等问题,严重影响了刑事司法公平和正义。坚持检察机关的法律监督职能,积极推动刑事错案纠错机制建设,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

Modeling Substance Use and Related Risk Behaviors Leading to Criminal Justice Involvement Among Young Adult Women

Abstract

Using structural equation modeling, two models of the relationship between trauma, attachment, substance use, risk behavior, and criminal justice involvement among young adult women were tested. Overall, the model constructs explained approximately 23% and 36% of the variance in Illicit Substance Use and Risk Behavior, respectively, and 28% of the variance in Criminal Justice Involvement. Data were taken from a longitudinal study of pregnant and parenting adolescents (N = 239). This population is important because they may be at increased risk for involvement in problem behaviors across adolescence and adulthood. Findings suggest that patterns of emotional dysregulation are significant contributors to women's illicit substance use and risk behavior. Implications for intervention and prevention are addressed.     

Not Just a Boy's Club

Abstract

The extant literature suggests that habitual criminality among women is rare and that female career criminals are ostensibly nonexistent. Using the criminal records of 500 male and female adult recidivists, this study applies the concept of career criminality to women and describes how this application has specific gendered elements. Like their male peers, women are chronic, versatile offenders engaged in violent, property, and public-order offending. Women are disproportionately engaged in forgery, fraud, and prostitution whereas men are disproportionately engaged in rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. No gender differences existed for a variety of additional offenses and criminal justice system statuses. However, significant gender differences exist for social demographic characteristics, such as age and timing of onset, and criminal career parameter indicators, such as span of criminal career. These data and analyses indicate that the career criminal classification has important implications for criminal career research and gender-based criminology.