环境社会系统发展学发轫

叶文虎教授在研究可持续发展基本理论的基础上,于1999年提出了"环境社会系统发展学"的思想和概念[1],并指出这将是一门划时代的新学科.本文论述了环境社会系统发展学创立的学术和时代背景,以及这门学科的现状,提出了它的基本问题、基本内容和研究方法.     

网络化行政生态的理论审视

网络时代的到来向实体政府施加了不容回避的影响力,＂网络化生存＂的政府只有顺应时代转型的内在要求,实施政府再造,方能在网络时代维系其合法性和权威性。在网络时代面临再造重任的政府,必须对其所处的全新环境做出理性认知与判断。本文对网络化行政生态的描述集中于四个方面：网络政治的勃兴、网络经济的崛起、网络社会的成型、网络文化的繁盛。     

Overview of: “Crime Place and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduction Options Through a Regulatory Approach”

Research Summary Crime reduction policy has focused almost exclusively on offenders. Recent studies and evaluations show that expanding our policy portfolio to include places may be highly productive. We show that there is considerable research showing that crime is concentrated at a relatively few locations, that high-crime places are stable, that changing places can reduce crime, that displacement is not only far from inevitable but also less likely than the diffusion of crime prevention benefits, and that owners of high-crime places can be held accountable for the criminogenic conditions of their locations. We link these findings to environmental policy, where environmental scientists, economists, and regulators have developed a broad set of regulatory options. The core of this article describes a portfolio of environmental policy instruments directly applicable to crime places. We also discuss major decisions local governments will need to make to implement various forms of regulation, and we list challenges that governments must anticipate in planning for such implementation. We argue that a regulatory approach to crime places has the potential to lower the cost to taxpayers of reducing crime by shifting costs from governments to the relatively few place owners whose actions create crime-facilitating conditions. Policy Implications Taking a regulatory approach to crime places substantially expands the crime policy options under consideration. Regulatory options may increase local governments’ effectiveness at reducing crime while reducing governments’ costs. This is because regulatory approaches have the potential to shift some portion of the financial burden for crime fighting to owners of criminogenic locations. Policy makers can select between means-based anticrime regulations that focus on how place owners manage their locations and ends-based regulations that focus on the number of crimes allowed at places. Both of these approaches contain several alternative regulatory instruments, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Experimenting with various regulatory instruments could lead to the development of a range of new crime reduction policies. In addition, a regulatory approach has implications for the funding of policy research. Means-based regulatory instruments require governments to develop evidence that the means they regulate have the desired impact on crime. Ends-based regulatory instruments shift this burden to the regulated places.     

中国环境法治的历史、现状与走向——中国环境法治30年之评析

1978年以来，中国的环境立法、环境执法、环境司法、环境守法、环境参与和环境法律监督工作取得了巨大的成就。1997年国家正式提出依法治国方略後，中国的环境保护工作正式走向法治化的轨道。目前，无论是从环节上，还是从整体的判断指标上分析，或者从实效上评估，都说明中国的环境法制架构已经基本形成。符合科学发展观和生态文明要求的环境友好型和资源节约型环境法治工作正在完善之中。完善的措施既包括立法完善工作，还包括执法、司法、守法、参与和监督环节的体制、制度和机制的创新工作。     

创建“养护者受益”环保法基本原则

“公地的悲剧”自英国的“圈地运动”始得以有效遏制,而保持公地基本制度下的环境保护也仍然在赋予公民无可辩驳的义务与责任之中持续着各种形式的环保投资,可实践证明形式的多样性和不啬资财并未能有效地阻止自然生态环境的持续恶化。究其根源,无不与公地基本制度和法律层面除私有化之外,一直没有公地独特的接纳或认可私权内在的权义对等所需求的基本原则和制度有关。在市场经济条件下,承认并保护公地之上私人为环保所付出劳动和养护投入所获得的权益至关重要,为此,拟创设“养护者受益”环保法基本原则,来弥补公地自然生态环境保护忽视私权关怀之严重缺陷,以期阻止“公地的悲剧”的延续。     

也谈环境伦理学“真理化”的批判——公共领域的环境伦理问题研究之一

有学者撰文对环境伦理学进行批判,指出它是浪漫主义、西方主义、虚无主义的化身;在法学界,其"真理化"倾向比较严重,使环境法学者脱离社会现实,不利于中国环境法律建构与环保实践。笔者认为环境伦理学并没有"真理化"的自我标榜,其本身具有存在的正当性与合理性;在论证逻辑方面,"自然主义谬误"问题的消解补充了其逻辑缺陷;在道德法律化、法律道德化日益凸出的背景下,环境伦理学促进了环境法学由"浅绿色"到"深绿色"的转变。同时,在环保实践方面使人们学会了"伦理生存"。     

论西部开发中的环境犯罪预防

西部是保障我国生态环境安全的要害地区,西部环境保护涉及整个中华民族的生存和发展。在市场经济条件下,西部经济开发与环境犯罪预防之间存在诸多冲突,西部脆弱的环境受到环境犯罪的严重威胁。采取新的环境犯罪预防战略,建立和完善有效的环境犯罪预防机制是走出西部开发中环境犯罪预防困境的出路。     

论环境侵权责任不以“行为违法性”为要件

环境侵权责任是私法调整手段在环境保护领域的运用。构成要件是确定环境侵权责任的依据，通观目前我国学界对环境侵权责任构成要件的争论，其聚焦点主要是污染环境的行为是否必须具有违法性。从我国相关法学理论、现有法律规定及司法实践中可以看出：“行为违法性”不应成为环境侵权责任的构成要件。     

北京市控制大气污染第二阶段目标与措施

北京市政府为巩固治理大气污染阶段性成果,进一步控制大气污染,从1999年3月至9月底作为控制大气污染的第二阶段,制订了28项措施。     

破坏环境资源保护罪的构成特征探究

破坏环境资源保护罪是新《刑法》增设的一类犯罪。其侵犯的客体是国家对环境资源保护的管理制度。其客观方面不仅包括举动犯、结果犯, 而且还应当包括危险犯这一新的犯罪形态。就因果关系而言,笔者不赞成对本类犯罪的认定采取有罪推定的方法,而赞成采取国外的“流行病学”的证明方法,即“根据流行病学的方法去认识某种物质所造成的某种危害的必然性,再加上动物实验数据,并备有其他必然性的补充资料,就可以充分断定因果关系了”。关于本类犯罪的主体,笔者认为国家也可以成为国际环境犯罪的主体。在主观罪过方面,笔者不主张在我国对于此类犯罪引进无过失责任。