A Biomechanical Evaluation of Skull–Brain Surrogates to Blunt High‐Rate Impacts to Postmortem Human Subjects

The field of forensic injury biomechanics is an emerging field. Biomechanically validated tools may assist interdisciplinary teams of investigators in assessing mechanisms of blunt head trauma resulting in skull fractures. The objective of this study is to assess the biofidelity of spherical, frangible skull–brain (SB) surrogates. Blunt impacts were conducted at 20 m/s, using an instrumented 103 g rigid impactor, to the temporo‐parietal region of four defleshed cephalic postmortem human subjects (PMHS). Force–deformation response, fracture tolerance, and fracture patterns were recorded for comparison to spherical skull–brain surrogates. Three brain substitutes were assessed: 10% gelatin, lead shot with Styrofoam and water. Force–deformation response of the skull–brain surrogates was similar to defleshed PMHS up to the point of fracture; however, none of the surrogates fractured at tolerance levels comparable to the PMHS. Fracture patterns of the skull–brain surrogates were linear and radiating, while PMHS fractures were all depressed, comminuted.     

Chemical Analysis in the Corpus Callosum Following Traumatic Axonal Injury using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy: A Pilot Study

Evaluating traumatic axonal injury remains challenging in clinical and forensic sciences as its identification is difficult using routine diagnostic methods. This study used Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy to detect TAI within the corpus callosum in an animal model. Protein conformational analysis revealed significantly increased β-sheet and β-turn contents paralleled by a decrease in α-helix content at 24 h postinjury, while the antiparallel β-sheet content was decreased at 12 h postinjury. Compared with the control group, the lipid/protein ratio was significantly reduced in all of the injured groups. At 24 h postinjury, there were increases in the olefinic=CH and CH₃ group of lipids accompanied by the decreased CH₂ group, but the results at 12 and 72 h were contrary to that at 24 h. Our study showed that FTIRM could differentiate injured from normal white matter at different time points following TBI via examination of these infrared spectral parameters.     

Fatal Penetrating Injuries Sustained by High-pressure Water Jet Unit

The high-pressure water jet unit is a generator of frequent burst of water jets. The water jet reaches very high speeds and is able to cause wounds similar to those of high-velocity projectiles. In the presented case, unusual fatal injuries sustained by water jet are presented. Operating with the unit, an untrained worker accidentally activated a high-pressure water jet unit, and the extremely high pressure of water liberated the jet unit from his hand and whirled it around him. A jet stream of water ran across his body and caused fatal penetrating injuries in the femoral region. The edges of the wound were mainly sharp with contusion rings on the skin beyond the edges. Exploring the inside of the canals during the autopsy, the left femoral artery and vein were found to be completely transected. The resemblance to a firearm entry wound and the severity of the internal injury make it a noteworthy entity.     

43例手舟骨骨折成伤机制的法医学分析

目的分析手舟骨骨折成伤机制的法医学鉴定要点,为法医学鉴定实践提供参考。方法选取2007—2011年在中国刑事警察学院物证鉴定中心鉴定后已结案的手舟骨骨折成伤机制鉴定案件共43例,对手舟骨骨折初诊漏、误诊情况,骨折分型,伴发损伤,成伤机制分歧点等方面进行分析。结果手舟骨骨折初诊漏、误诊率高,以腰部骨折最多见,成伤机制分歧主要集中于系外力直接打击还是倒地摔跌间接作用所致。结论手舟骨骨折多为跌倒时手掌着地致腕关节过度背伸所致。     

大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤脑组织弥散张量成像与免疫组化染色观察

目的观察大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)模型伤后不同时间大脑白质磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)弥散参数和β-APP、NF68免疫组织化学染色的变化。方法建立SD大鼠Marmarou DAI模型,分别于伤后3、12、24、72 h行DTI扫描,获取大鼠胼胝体、内囊和外囊弥散参数;比较相应部位β-APP单位面积阳性轴索数及阳性染色面积百分比,NF68平均光密度的伤后变化。结果实验组胼胝体、内囊和外囊轴向弥散(AD)、各向异性分数(FA)伤后逐步下降;β-APP单位面积阳性轴索数量、阳性染色面积百分比及NF68平均光密度伤后逐步增加。相关分析证实AD、FA值与β-APP、NF68变化呈显著负相关。结论 DTI弥散参数可作为DAI早期诊断的生物标记物。     

肩关节损伤致肢体功能障碍程度评价方法比较

目的探讨能客观反映肩关节功能障碍对肢体功能影响的评价方法。方法通过用我国《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》（简称＂《道标》＂）的权重指数法与美国《永久残损评定指南》（Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment,GEPI）（简称GEPI法）,对133例肩关节损伤后伤残评定案例进行回顾性评价;并用两种评价方法对肩关节不同运动方向及不同活动度对上肢功能影响进行全方位的比较。结果 133例肩关节功能障碍案例,权重指数法达到伤残的总比例高于GEPI法;但在功能丧失不同比例段两者有差异。差异的原因在于,在GEPI法中,肩关节不同运动方向所占的权重不同,前屈上举与外展上举对于肩关节功能相对重要,并考虑关节功能位对肢体障碍程度的影响;而权重指数法,上肢功能的关系与关节活动度呈简单的线性关系,与关节活动方向及功能位无关。结论 GEPI法比权重指数法能更能客观地反映肩关节功能障碍对肢体功能丧失的影响程度。     

论潜伏性人身损害的赔偿

随着科学技术的发展和疾病知识的普及,潜伏性人身损害的赔偿问题日益引起重视。既有立法基本不对损害进行界定,潜伏性人身损害更不会在立法文本中得到体现,但是既有损害概念的学理解释可以为潜伏性人身损害的赔偿提供认识基础。对潜伏性人身损害予以赔偿有其必要性,但是也会对传统侵权法带来挑战。虽然如此,既有司法实践还是积极回应受害人的赔偿诉求,从概念扩张和利益平衡等角度进行了大胆探索。为了有效解决潜伏性人身损害的赔偿问题,既需要从损害概念的更新方面做出努力,又需要从诉讼中的证明责任、证明能力等角度进行变革。     

电警棍致皮肤损伤的实验研究

本研究系用电警棍电击实验动物（猪），观察电击部位的皮肤喷涂金属显色剂后的颜色改变、组织学改变及金属含量的改变。结果表明，电警棍电击机体，不仅可致皮肤产生肉眼可见的损伤，而且可致皮肤细胞产生轻微的极化现象和皮肤金属化，这种金属化可通过金属显色剂喷涂和原子吸收分光光度计检测出来．本实验为电警棍电击伤的定性分析、检材的提取与处理提供了比较好的方法，有利于判定案件的性质和确定电警棍的种类。     

156例道路交通事故活体损伤分析

１５６例道路交通事故活体损伤分析陈新山（武汉同济医科大学法医病理学教研室；武汉４３００３０）ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦ１５６ＣＡＳＥＳＯＦＮＯＮ－ＦＡＴＡＬＩＮＪＵＲＹＩＮＲＯＡＤＴＲＡＦＦＩＣＡＣＣＩＤＥＮＴ￥ＣｈｅｎＸｉｎｓｈａｎ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ...     

TMS-MEP评价大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能障碍程度的研究

目的探讨采用TMS-MEP评价大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能障碍的可行性,并评价其在法医学中的应用价值。方法 SD雌性大鼠100只,分为3个损伤组、1个假手术组和1个正常对照组。损伤组采用Allen’s打击装置制作脊髓损伤模型;各组均于实验前、损伤后1d、1周、2周、4周,根据大鼠脊髓运动功能评定标准进行运动功能评分,并在70%刺激强度下记录腓肠肌的TMS-MEP;采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据处理,单因素方差分析比较组间差异。结果损伤组随打击能量的增加,脊髓损伤程度加重,双下肢运动功能缺失明显,与正常对照组、假手术组和实验前之间均存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）。损伤组MEP潜伏期和波幅较正常对照组均延长,差异具有显著意义（P〈0.05）。TMS-MEP回归方程Y=0.465 1X＋4.602 4（R2=1,P〈0.001）,回归得出的结果与观察评分之间存在高度吻合。结论采用本文方法可为肌力的评定提供客观依据,有望在法医鉴定实践中应用。