走出罪犯改造理论的“围城”——吴宗宪教授“罪犯改造的犯因性差异理论”述评

犯因性差异理论认为,犯罪是犯罪人存在犯因性差异的结果。这种理论指向具体的个体犯罪行为,而非整个社会的犯罪现象。它的基本内容包括犯因性互动观点和犯因性差异观点。犯因性差异理论的理论体系,不仅形成了具有自身特质的理论形态,而且以"犯因性"为核心,形成了这一理论特有的专业术语群,充分体现出了这一理论的自身特色。依据这一理论,将罪犯改造成为"守法公民"中的普通大众是合理目标,根据这个目标定位,在罪犯改造工作中,要努力把罪犯改造成为普通的守法公民。     

试析几种毒品犯罪与其他犯罪的联系与区别

毒品犯罪与某些犯罪在司法实践中容易混淆 ,如 :走私毒品罪与普通走私罪 ;贩卖毒品罪与销脏罪 ;包庇毒品犯罪分子罪与包庇罪 ;窝藏、转移、隐瞒毒品、毒脏罪与洗钱罪等等 ,在认定时应注意区别。     

网络共同犯罪之我见

网络共同犯罪是以网络为空间背景或者侵犯对象的特殊犯罪形态,与传统共同犯罪有着显著的区别。在网络共同犯罪的主观方面,行为人之间的意思联络一般通过网络形成,体现出不确定性和隐密性的特点;在犯罪的客观方面,共同犯罪行为中的实行行为必须依赖于网络完成,包含了很强的技术色彩。同时,网络的虚拟性和技术性特征也使共同犯罪人中的正犯、帮助犯、教唆犯的行为形式发生了新的变化。     

关于“教唆不满十八周岁的人犯罪的,应当从重处罚”的理解与适用

我国通说的刑法理论认为犯罪主体必须具有刑事责任能力,无刑事责任能力之人实施的危害行为不构成犯罪;同时,教唆不具有刑事责任能力之人实施"犯罪"构成间接正犯,对其也可以适用刑法第二十九条第一款的规定即从重处罚。这种观点一方面认为无刑事责任能力之人实施的危害行为不构成犯罪,另一方在他人教唆的情况下,无刑事责任能力之人却又可以实施"犯罪,"这种解释显然无法成立。     

The Application of Missing Data Estimation Models to the Problem of Unknown Victim/Offender Relationships in Homicide Cases

Homicide cases suffer from substantial levels of missing data, a problem largely ignored by criminological researchers. The present research seeks to address this problem by imputing values for unknown victim/offender relationships using the EM algorithm. The analysis is carried out first using homicide data from the Los Angeles Police Department (1994-1998), and then compared with imputations using homicide data for Chicago (1991-1995), using a variety of predictor variables to assess the extent to which they influence the assignment of cases to the various relationship categories. The findings indicate that, contrary to popular belief, many of the unknown cases likely involve intimate partners, other family, and friends/acquaintances. However, they disproportionately involve strangers. Yet even after imputations, stranger homicides do not increase more than approximately 5%. The paper addresses the issue of whether data on victim/offender relationships can be considered missing at random (MAR), and the im-plications of the current findings for both existing and future research on homicide.     

Domestic violence: A national study of the nature, size and effects of domestic violence in the Netherlands

This article reports on a large-scale nation-wide study conducted by Intomart among 1,000 randomly selected Dutch adults (male and female) about their experiences with domestic violence. An important goal of the survey was to generate general information on domestic violence. It turns out that nearly half of the Dutch population (45%) has at one time been a victim of some form of non-incidental domestic violence. It was also demonstrated that both men and women become victims of domestic violence, and the high percentages of victimization during childhood are particularly striking. Furthermore, it turned out that domestic violence often involves a combination of physical, mental and sexual forms of violence.     

精神病人刑事责任能力相关问题研究

受“有病无罪”观念的错误影响,长期以来法学领域很少开展对精神病人“犯罪”的研究,致使形成“精神病学鉴定专家裁判精神病人是否犯罪”的态势,忽视了对社会公共安全的保护。笔者简明扼要地介绍了美国司法精神病学近几十年的变迁,以此为参照,发表了对精神病人犯罪研究的一些看法。     

Sex offender laws in the United States: smart policy or disproportionate sanctions?

In the 1990s, the United States began enacting a series of laws to monitor and supervise sex offenders living in the community. These evolved to include Internet registries of sex offenders, sex offender residence restrictions, GPS monitoring, and even civil commitment of sex offenders at the conclusion of their criminal sentences. Though other countries have enacted legislation to monitor sex offenders, none have implemented laws impinging on the civil liberties of offenders to the extent of those in the United States. This article examines the basis of the US laws and their challenges, provides an overview of their efficacy, and compares the US approach to those of other countries.     

Psychosocial influences that motivate young offenders to engage in a non-custodial community intervention

Offender programmes do not fully consider how psychosocial factors influence individual engagement within interventions. While factors associated with offending behaviour are well-known, their influence on motivational engagement is not clear. The present study of 109 adolescent offenders in a non-custodial community intervention explored the influence of aggression, antisocial behaviour in the community, problematic and disruptive behaviour in school, and parental bonding and self-esteem on reported motivation to engage with a non-custodial intervention. Regression and correlational analysis revealed relationships between these variables and four subtypes of motivation (i.e. intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, identified regulation and amotivation), although results in respect of self-esteem were mixed. The findings highlight the multidimensional and complex nature of motivation, and support the need to internalise extrinsic motivations through the promotion of self-autonomy and competence within intervention programmes in order to maximise engagement.