未成年人取保候审适用:问题与前瞻

在我国,未成年人取保候审适用问题的研究一直处于被漠视甚至遗忘的角落,从立法到司法实践都对此缺乏重视。改革未成年人取保候审制度应当重新认识取保候审的性质与未成年人取保候审适用上的特殊性,并采取相应的步骤。     

对《刑法修正案（七）》第八条的理解与适用

《刑法修正案（七）》第八条将组织未成年人进行盗窃、诈骗、抢夺、敲诈勒索等违反治安管理活动的行为规定为犯罪,文章在罪名、客观行为方面以及此罪与彼罪的区分等问题上作了分析,以期更准确地理解和适用这一条款。     

理性对待未成年人前科消灭制度——兼评新《刑事诉讼法》第275条

未成年人前科消灭制度在保护未成年犯罪人合法权益方面具有突出的价值,也存在一定的局限性。以刑事诉讼法修改为背景,以“相对合理主义”的立场分析实现未成年犯罪人个人利益和社会公共利益之间的平衡,分析了建立未成年人前科封存制度以及与之配套的犯罪记录查询制度的合理性。我国刑诉法对这两项制度规定有所不足,应加以完善。     

Trust in the information society

Trust is an important feature for all users of the Internet who rely on the safety and security of network technologies and systems for their daily lives. Trust, or the lack of it, has also been identified by the European Commission’s Digital Agenda as a major barrier to further development of the information society in Europe. One of the areas in which concerns have been raised is in relation to children’s safety online. As a result, substantial efforts have been made by policymakers and by the industry to build greater trust and confidence in online digital safety. This paper examines what trust means in the context of children’s use of the Internet. Should policy on trust enhancement, for instance, include children’s own trust in the technologies or services they use or is it sufficient to seek to reinforce parental and adult confidence that children can be adequately protected? What is required to build that trust from either perspective? Does it need, or should it include a relationship of trust between parents and children? To tease out these questions further, the paper examines current European Union policy frameworks on digital safety, particularly industry responses to the call for a more trusted Internet environment for children, and argues that technical solutions to be effective need to carefully balance a number of competing objectives and to be sufficiently grounded in evidence of parental and child experience of the Internet.     

困境与出路:失足未成年人思想观念教育误区探究

未成年人失足是一个严重的社会问题,未成年人违法犯罪给国家、社会、家庭都带来了严重的危害。未成年人思想观念的误区和困境是造成其失足的重要因素。可借鉴域外国家思想观念培育方面的做法,以儒家伦理思想为基,推进法治引导,筑造家庭、学校、社会教育网络,强化暂住、流动人口管理,依法惩戒未成年人犯罪,建构针对失足未成年人特殊群体思想观念教育的长效机制,更好地适应和谐社会的发展。     

对下调法定最低刑责年龄的省思

此次刑法修正案(十一)对最低刑事责任年龄进行下调,可以在很大程度上避免一部分已满12周岁未满14周岁的未成年人倚仗法律保护肆意实施危害行为的"钻法律之空子"的情况发生,能够有效提升法律的威慑力,使公众免受"12岁恶魔"的伤害。在作为调整对象的低龄未成年人一侧,最低刑责年龄的下调意味着他们必须为自己的不法行为承担责任、付出代价。戴上这只法律"金箍"的未成年人将不得不在法律的框架内保持自身行为的检点合法。当然,虽然法律对最低刑事责任年龄进行了下调,但犯罪未成年人仍然需要在"教育为主、惩罚为辅"的矫治环境中得到救赎,既不能"一放了之",也不能"一关了之"[1]。在"疏"与"堵"并行的同时加强相关法律制度的衔接,使低龄未成年人可以在一个相对完善的制度设计中树立起对法律以及他人权益的敬畏之心。     

未成年人的刑法保护理念与刑法价值

由于未成年人自身的特殊性,未成年人利益应超越固有的社会利益,在刑事立法和刑事司法中重点加以保护。这种未成年人的刑法保护理念体现了公正、秩序、自由和效率等刑法价值。     

e-Youth before its judges - Legal protection of minors in cyberspace

The present paper¹ aims both at introducing the legal aspects of the protection of minors in cyberspace and analysing and criticizing certain main features embedded in this legal approach of young people protection. After a short introduction underlining the concept of child’s rights and the reason why this right has been particularly proclaimed in the context of the cyberspace, the first section describes the new technological features of the ICT environment and linked to this evolution the increasing risks the minors are confronted with. A typology of cyber abuses is proposed on the basis of these considerations. A list of EU or Council of Europe texts directly or indirectly related to the minors’ protection into the cyberspace is provided. The second section intends to analyse certain characteristics of the legal approach as regards the ways by which that protection is conceived and effectively ensured. Different principles and methods might be considered as keywords summarizing the legal approach and to a certain extent, fixing a partition of responsibilities taking fully into account the diversity of actors might be deduced from the different regulatory documents.The third section comes back to the different complementary means by which the Law is envisaging the minors’ protection. The obligation to create awareness about the potential risks minors might incur definitively is the first one. The omnipresent reference in all the legal texts to the role of self-regulatory interventions constitutes another pillar of the protection envisaged by the Law. After having described the multiple instruments developed in the context of this self-regulation (labels, codes of conduct, hotlines, ODR…) or even co-regulation, the paper examines the conditions set by the European legislators as regards these instruments. Technology might be considered as a fourth method for protecting children. Our concern will be to see how the Law is addressing new requirements as regards the technological solutions and their implementation. The present debates about the liability of the actors involved in applications or services targeted or not vis-à-vis the minors like SNS or VSP operators are evoked. As a final point the question of the increasing competences of LEA and the reinforcement of the criminal provisions in order to fight cyber abuses against minors will be debated. In conclusion, we will address final recommendations about the way by which it would be possible to reconcile effective minors’ protection and liberties into the cyberspace.     

论未成年人社区矫正立法调整的完善

未成年犯罪人不同于成年犯罪人,本着未成年人保护和预防未成年人犯罪的原则,在未成年犯罪人的刑罚执行方式上也应和成年人相区别。现阶段,未成年人社区矫正法律制度与其他法律制度相比,在未成年人法律体系中处于弱势,而该种状况不适应未成年人保护,预防未成年人犯罪,社区矫正应有功能的需要。在未成年人法律制度建设中,应该根据现有法律的调整和未成年人健康成长的需求,逐步完善未成年人社区矫正的立法。     

未成年人轻罪记录封存制度的适用问题

经过长期的试点探索,新《刑事诉讼法》确立了未成年人轻罪记录封存制度具有显著意义。应当明确的是该制度不同于国外未成年犯罪人前科消灭制度,有其自身的特征。但我国未成年人轻罪记录封存制度在适用主体、适用程序等方面还需要明确理解与适用,而且制度在适用对象、保护力度等方面只是最低限度地保护了未成年人的利益,将来还存在很大的发展改进空间。随着社会管理能力的提升和民众法治观念的增强,未成年人轻罪记录封存制度会向前科消灭制度的全面建立稳步发展。