REASSESSING THE BREADTH OF THE PROTECTIVE BENEFIT OF IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF VIOLENCE RISK BY RACE,ETHNICITY, AND LABOR MARKET STRATIFICATION*

Researchers in the United States have increasingly recognized that immigration reduces crime, but it remains unresolved whether this applies to people of different racial–ethnic and economic backgrounds. By using the 2008–2012 area‐identified National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), we evaluate the effect of neighborhood immigrant concentration on individual violence risk across race/ethnicity and labor market stratification factors in areas with different histories of immigration. The results of our analysis reveal three key patterns. First, we find a consistent protective role of immigrant concentration that is not weakened by low education, low income, unemployment, or labor market competition. Therefore, even economically disadvantaged people enjoy the crime‐reduction benefit of immigration. Second, we find support for threshold models that predict a nonlinear, stronger protective role of immigrant concentration on violence at higher levels of immigrant concentration. The protective function of immigration also is higher in areas of longer histories of immigration. Third, compared with Blacks and Whites, Latinos receive a greater violence‐reduction benefit of immigrant concentration possibly because they live in closer proximity with immigrants and share common sociocultural features. Nevertheless, immigrant concentration yields a diminishing return in reducing Latino victimization as immigrants approach a near‐majority of neighborhood residents. The implications of these results are discussed.     

吸毒行为的法律定性

目前,针对吸毒行为的定性主要有"犯罪说"、"违法说"、"合法化说"、"疾病说"及"受害说"等观点。基于现有研究及国外有关政策,明确吸毒者兼具病人、违法者、受害者三重社会属性,提出我们应正确对待吸毒人员,各部门应形成合力采取有效且人道的戒毒措施,保障戒除毒瘾者的合法权益。     

Teaching Arts Management: Where Did We Lose the Core Ideas?

In light of the need to start clearing the methodological confusion in the field of arts management, this article provides a critical overview of the teaching curricula in the field. Distinction is made between programs that copy directly from business management; programs that focus on the technological process of producing an artwork (usually run by practitioners); those that interlink cultural management and cultural policy (highlighting the role of public governance as a higher principle); and programs that focus on an entrepreneurial approach to arts management, connecting it to issues of creativity and innovation. The author calls for clear goals to educate administrators and arts or cultural managers. The suggestion is made to follow what I call the Janus syndrome: looking toward managerial and economic realities but primarily focusing on the arts—the aesthetic and the social aspects of the field. A question is raised about the position of art in arts management curricula, as well as the organization of undergraduate and postgraduate studies in the field.     

贸仲委上海、华南两分会与贸仲委之争的法律问题研究(二)——贸仲委修订实施其2012规则合法正当有效

制定修订贸仲委仲裁规则的主体,无论仲裁法实施前依中央人民政府政务院1954年《决定》和国务院1988年《批复》还是实施后依其第73条规定均是中国贸促会(中国国际商会);贸仲委委员会议不是修订规则主体只是履行审议通过规则修订草案的程序;贸仲委历届章程均未规定审议通过规则修订草案的具体方式或应进行决议;贸仲委2012规则(简称12规则)修订草案无论以何方式经委员会议审议通过后提交中国贸促会(中国国际商会)批准实施均符合法律及章程规定,不存在规则修订草案审议通过程序违法;12规则取消"大条款"〔1〕择地仲裁规定真正实现了当事人意思自治,不存在实体违法;贸仲委上海、华南两分会拒不适用12规则,违反当事人签署两分会仲裁条款真实意愿,无权受理所涉案件。     

从三个“谁”的角度分析中国国有公司治理——鉴于日本的失败经验

在日本,公司治理的效力很早以前就成为较大的问题,很多人认为日本的许多经营者监督机制并没有发挥应有的作用,而是存在很多漏洞,这是因为日本的法律和现实情况之间存在很大的距离,比如日本的法律规定股东大会选任监事和董事,董事会和监事对董事或者代表董事进行监督,而在现实情况中,社长把握着极大的权力,可以选任自己的部下作为监事和董事,甚至在退休之后都可以垂帘听政。因此,20世纪90年代以后,日本引进了美国式的公司治理制度,但是这种公司治理制度改革不能认为是很成功的,以日本的失败经验为基础分析中国大型国有公司的公司治理问题很有参考价值,这就是日本没有从三个"谁"的视点进行改革。     

论循证视角下的证据科学

循证以“遵循证据”进行实践的时代精神成为多个学科实践领域共同关注的方法论.我国的证据科学在循证视角下观之,存在重结果轻视证据使用的过程.循证入证据科学可以提供一种整合多元化方法论的有效途径,提高证据使用的高质高效;可以架起证据理论与实践沟通的桥梁,发挥各自的优势;可以增加一种对权力行使的制约与监督,减少权力的随意性、无序化、封闭性;循证也体现了协作、高效、透明、民主等时代精神.     

理解与说明——论人文科学方法论的重建

自然科学、社会科学和人文科学的研究对象不同,决定了它们研究方法的区别。人文科学以人的精神世界为研究对象,这使得其研究方法具有特殊性。关于人文科学研究方法的争论主要有统一论、独立论和家族相似论。若要建立科学的方法论,必须既反对统一论和独立论的一刀切的研究方法,也要反对家族相似论的模糊不清的研究方法,要将理解——研究的主观方面和说明——研究对象的客观方面相结合作为其研究的主要方法。     

取保候审突出问题“三清”难清之思考

以取保候审案件清、保证金底数清、取保候审人员情况为目标的取保候审突出问题专项督察行动,是对取保候审问题的一次全面清理。目前,工作中普遍感到“三清”难清,实有清理之必要,分析“三清”难清的主客观原因,必须着力在加大领导力度、加强部门配合、完善信息系统、规范制度机制、严格督察落实方面下工夫,彻底根除“三清”难清这一顽症。     

互联网电视商业模式的著作权困境与反思

互联网电视刚面世就遭遇了不断的知识产权纠纷,其商业模式的性质各不相同,并引发了不同的侵权行为。利益平衡是知识产权法的基础性原则,司法实践中法院应当按照利益平衡的要求做出合理的判决。为了促进互联网电视制造商和著作权人之间利益的平衡,满足公众的合理需要,应理性地寻求维系利益平衡的作品管理机制和新的商业模式。     

Notes on recent articles

An increasing number of studies in political communication focus on the “sentiment” or “tone” of news content, political speeches, or advertisements. This growing interest in measuring sentiment coincides with a dramatic increase in the volume of digitized information. Computer automation has a great deal of potential in this new media environment. The objective here is to outline and validate a new automated measurement instrument for sentiment analysis in political texts. Our instrument uses a dictionary-based approach consisting of a simple word count of the frequency of keywords in a text from a predefined dictionary. The design of the freely available Lexicoder Sentiment Dictionary (LSD) is discussed in detail here. The dictionary is tested against a body of human-coded news content, and the resulting codes are also compared to results from nine existing content-analytic dictionaries. Analyses suggest that the LSD produces results that are more systematically related to human coding than are results based on the other available dictionaries. The LSD is thus a useful starting point for a revived discussion about dictionary construction and validation in sentiment analysis for political communication.