边际供求价格递变规律研究

市场价格主要由供求关系决定的。需求增加供给不变或者需求的增加大于供给的增加,市场价格就会上升;当供给增加需求不变或者需求的增加小于供给的增加,市场价格就会下降。边际需求的增加、边际供给的增加、边际供求差额的变化与价格的升降幅度之间存在怎样的关系呢？本文借鉴边际成本递减规律从理论和实证两方面论证边际需求价格递增规律、边际供给价格递减规律、边际供求价格递变规律。     

公用事业公私合作合同的法律属性与规制路径——基于经济法视野的考察

公用事业公私合作合同是国家规范公用事业公私合作活动的重要法律工具,具有经济法的属性,应接受公法与私法的双重规制。就公法规制来说,政府应保留一定的公权力,并承担相应的义务,同时,私人部门也应承担一定的公法义务,其部分私权利要接受公法的限制。就私法规制来看,主要体现在基于契约精神对政府公权力进行限制,并要求政府承担相应的合作风险,以及在违反合同义务的时候,承担相应的民事法律责任。     

防御性医疗的经济分析——兼评《侵权责任法》第63条

防御性医疗是医疗服务提供者基于"经济人"理论与预期效用理论的理性选择。风险厌恶与预期效用最大化是防御性医疗的经济学基础。医疗过失判断的不确定性及巨额的责任风险是防御性医疗的法律制度基础。信息的不对称性及供给与需求的非市场性是防御性医疗的市场基础。它是医疗过失诉讼制度在市场经济体制下不可剥离的副产品。纯粹的禁止性立法不足以制止防御性医疗。《侵权责任法》第63条很难收到预期的立法效果,建议对医疗过失诉讼制度的运用及医疗损害赔偿的额度进行合理限制。     

Reflection of the Examination System of Utility Model from Ineffective Patents:Empirical Research in Zhejiang Province

In recent years, China's utility model patent applications have been growing, yet the patent effective amount has not been keeping the same pace. There are still a lot of ineffective utility model patents. For this problem, this paper analyzes the ineffective patent information of Zhejiang Province and finds that most of the ineffective utility model patents are abnormal ineffective patents. Further detailed analysis shows that the root cause for the result is the low quality of the authorized utility model patent. The key factor that influences the authorized quality of utility model patent is the examination system of the utility model patent. The defects in relevant laws and regulations in the examination system of the utility model patent are the major obstacle to the actual realization of the requirements of the patent. On this basis, this paper compares the examination system of the utility model with those in other countries, draws lessons from them, and puts forward corresponding suggestions.     

我国公用事业民营化改革制度构想

公用事业属于市场机制不能发挥作用或作用发挥不好的“市场失灵”领域。因此,公用事业的民营化与公用事业的特有属性之间必然存在着一些矛盾。为了防范和控制这些可能的问题和风险,必须树立正确的改革思路,从动态和静态两个方面对民营化进行制度分析,以推进公用事业改革的制度化与法制化建设,为民营化的健康发展提供制度保障。     

加入世界贸易组织对中国市政公用行业发展的影响研究

中国加入世界贸易组织 ,标志着中国已经开始进入国际经济贸易体系。我国享有多边的、无条件的、稳定的最惠国待遇的同时 ,也相应承担削减进口关税、开放服务贸易、扩大对知识产权的保护范围等义务。这些权力和义务对中国的市政公用行业发展来说 ,既有有利因素也有不利因素 ,但整体而言 ,机遇大于挑战     

从农民的边际消费倾向看拉动农村消费问题

本文根据《中国统计年鉴》有关农村居民家庭人均纯收入与人均生活消费支出的最新统计数据,对我国农村居民的边际消费倾向和农村居民的消费行为特点作了分析。现在农村居民的消费仍主要集中为吃穿用消费,农民将收入用于文教消费的自发性和积极性较弱。目前国家为拉动农村消费需求采取的一系列举措是必要的,但这些举措需要与更有力的政策相配合才能收到理想的效果。     

Toward the usable recognition of individual benefits and costs in regulatory analysis and governance

Regulatory agencies in the United States and Europe have well‐deserved reputations for fixating on the total benefits and costs of proposed and final regulatory actions, without doing any more than anecdotally mentioning the subpopulations and individuals who may bear disproportionate costs or reap disproportionate benefits. This is especially true on the “cost” side of the cost–benefit ledger, where analysts exert little effort to even inform decisionmakers and the public that the costs of regulations might be distributed either regressively or progressively. Many scholars and advocates have observed that regulation can increase the efficiency of market outcomes, but caution about its untoward (or suboptimal) effects on equity. Here, we argue that without considering distributional information about costs and benefits, regulatory policies in fact can also cause violence to notions of efficiency, for two reasons: (i) society cannot hope to approach Pareto‐efficient outcomes without identifying those who must lose so that others can gain more; and (ii) because the harm experienced by involuntary risks and by imposed regulatory costs is likely non‐linear in its magnitude (at the individual level), efficiency is, in fact, a strong function of the shape of the distribution of these effects. This article reviews evidence about the distribution of regulatory costs and benefits, describes how agencies fail to incorporate readily available distributional information, and sketches a vision for how they could analyze costs and benefits to promote more efficient regulatory choices and outcomes.     

朝核问题视角下的东北亚安全

冷战后,自从朝核问题出现以来,东北亚的安全局势发生了巨大的变化,朝核问题已然成为东北亚安全的焦点与核心。基于东北亚的区域特点和安全形势,朝核问题的地区解决方式应该是比较稳妥、长远、符合现实的,同时需要地区内主要大国的推动以及双边与多边机制的结合,重要的是在区域的核心点上将朝鲜纳入国际社会的发展轨道。然后,在这些原则基础上去探索东北亚安全机制建构的路径。     

对"大跃进"时期政治动员模式的浅析

政治动员作为一种比较成熟的行动策略,中国共产党在领导中国革命和建设中曾多次使用。在"大跃进"前期,政治动员在一定程度上发挥着正效用功能,在"大跃进"中后期,政治动员的负效用占有绝对支配地位,造成生产力的极大破坏。因此,理性分析"大跃进"时期政治动员的模式,对于我国的现代化建设具有重要的意义。