居住权基本理论问题反思——评居住权的否定理由

否定居住权的各项理由值得商榷.脱离人役权的概念体系,在物权法中单独规定居住权也是可行的.人役权制度的废弃并非铁板一块的绝对真理.居住权制度具有无法为其他制度所替代的独特功能,它并未放弃对效益价值的追求,要辩证地理解居住权的不可转让性.在居住权法律关系中,保姆一般是间接受益人.     

农村宅基地使用权制度探讨

农村土地主要包括农用地、宅基地、乡村企业建设用地、乡村公用地.在目前制定民法典的过程中,专家学者对农用地的关注非常多,而对作为农民立身之本的宅基地的研究相对缺乏.通过对有关农村宅基地使用权的概念特征、现行法律制度及现状中存在的问题进行探讨,对农村宅基地使用制度的完善提出看法.     

《民法典》中真实物权的判断标准

《民法典》物权编对真实物权设立了三种判断标准,即公示标准、事实标准和意思标准。基于绝对权的定位,通常以法定公示机制展示的物权为真实物权,此即公示标准,但这种标准并不唯一。在法律有特别规定的情形,征收等直接导致物权变动的客观事实能成为真实物权的判断标准,此即事实标准,与该事实不符的公示是错误的,公示的权利不是真实物权。此外,在法律允许的情况下,土地承包合同等当事人的合意也能成为真实物权的判断标准,此即意思标准,在不涉及第三人时,应按照意思标准而非公示标准来判断真实物权。     

《民法典》中定作人任意解除权的适用要件与法律效果

《民法典》第787条以现行《合同法》第268条为基础,对定作人任意解除权作出了规定。该制度的规范目的在于保护定作人利益,并避免社会资源浪费,任意解除权应限于承揽合同的定作人,不应类推适用于建设工程施工合同的发包人。在时间要件上,该解除权只能在承揽工作完成之前行使;在主观要件上,定作人行使任意解除权时应排除承揽人违约的情形。定作人行使任意解除权应符合解除权的行使程序,但在行使效果上,应注意其与法定解除权的区分。定作人行使任意解除权在本质上是一种须承担对价的单方终止,对该条所定的赔偿范围,应采“报酬请求权”解释,即承揽人有权请求合同约定的报酬以及因合同解除而增加的费用,但其因合同解除而节约的成本应予扣除。     

论物权法调整空域使用权的合理性

我国《物权法》没有明确规定空域所有权,但是应当解释为承认了空域所有权的存在。现行法律没有认可空域使用权的物权属性,只能认为空域使用权是行政许可利益。但行政许可机制的运行与效率价值旨趣相悖,其产生的产权不确定性不利于空域高效利用。市场机制和私权制度的引入是改革的重要方向。国家所有权具有私权属性,空域所有权也不例外,而空域使用权是空域所有权基于权能分离产生的权利,只能具有私权属性。这种定性在价值上也具有合理性,这主要是基于市场机制对空域利用效率的保障作用以及私权属性对市场机制顺畅运作的支撑地位。在私权体系中,将空域使用权规定为物权最为妥当。     

Chinese American Adolescents’ Perceptions of the Language Brokering Experience as a Sense of Burden and Sense of Efficacy

Children of immigrants who do translations and who interpret for others using their heritage language and English are known as language brokers. Although prior research suggests that children of immigrants’ perceptions of the language brokering experience vary greatly—from feeling a sense of efficacy to feeling a sense of burden—what remains unanswered in the literature is identification of the antecedents and processes that help to explain the varying psychological experience of language brokers. Using data from a two-wave prospective longitudinal study of 256 Chinese American adolescents, the present study tested potential mechanisms that may be responsible for adolescents’ perceptions of the language brokering experience as a sense or burden or sense of efficacy. The results demonstrate that adolescents’ Chinese orientation sets in motion a family process that is linked to variations in the perceptions of adolescents’ language brokering experience. Adolescents who are more Chinese oriented have a stronger sense of familial obligation, and these adolescents are more likely to perceive that they matter to their parents. Adolescents’ perceived sense of mattering to parents, in turn, is associated positively with a sense efficacy, and negatively with a sense of burden as language brokers. Those adolescents who are less Chinese oriented have a weaker sense of familial obligation, and these adolescents are more likely to feel a sense of alienation from their parents. Adolescents’ sense of perceived alienation from parents, in turn, is associated with a sense of burden as language brokers. Implications for developing interventions for children who act as language brokers for their parents are discussed.

Perceptions of Racism and Depressive Symptoms in African American Adolescents: The Role of Perceived Academic and Social Control

Experiences with racism are a common occurrence for African American youth and may result in negative self perceptions relevant for the experience of depressive symptoms. This study examined the longitudinal association between perceptions of racism and depressive symptoms, and whether perceived academic or social control mediated this association, in a community epidemiologically-defined sample of urban African American adolescents (N = 500; 46.4% female). Structural equation modeling revealed that experiences with racism were associated with low perceived academic control, which in turn was associated with increased depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that experiences with racism can have long lasting effects for African American youth’s depressive symptoms, and highlight the detrimental effects of experiences with racism for perceptions of control in the academic domain. Implications for intervention are discussed.

加强城市房屋拆迁中被拆迁人权利保障

我国城市化浪潮中大规模的城市房屋拆迁,在一定程度上改善了居民整体生活环境和卫生条件的同时,也引发大量的拆迁纠纷和拆迁冲突。由于缺乏有力的权利保障和救济机制,被拆迁人的合法权利难于保障。我们应从立法、行政、司法等领域加强和疏通对处于弱势地位的被拆迁人的权利保障和救济,还公民私权以应有的尊严。     

言论自由与名誉权的法律冲突及其诉讼规则

当前,我国审判实践对于名誉权以及公民言论自由权利的平衡存在较为明显的困境。在名誉侵权案件中现行诉讼规则和司法解释并没有将同样重要的言论自由权纳入保护的范围。言论自由与名誉权在权利本质上具有一定的紧张关系,其冲突的诉讼规则必须在举证责任分配、权利配置方式等方面平衡宪法性的言论自由与民法视野中的名誉权。     

居住权问题检讨

在物权法制定过程中,学术界对于我国物权法是否应当规定居住权制度存在较大争议.但是,经过详细检讨后发现,赞成者的观点在方法论和具体观点上都存在一定的问题,而反对者亦未能有效论证己方观点.此时应当依据论证负担分配规则得出不支持承担论证负担一方的结论,即我国物权法不应当规定居住权制度.