对附随义务的再思考

附随义务是一项基于诚实信用原则在德国判例法上发展起来的制度。附随义务的界定有利于保护双方的利益 ,均衡双方负担 ,保证双方当事人实现合同的目的。附随义务作为一种法定义务是在合同履行中由当事人之间承担的一种辅助义务 ,旨在弥补当事人约定的漏洞。     

重复抵押不应禁止但需限制

本文在学界已有研究基础上 ,从理论和实践两个方面比较深入系统地阐述了重押禁止的不科学性 ,并提出对重押进行“五个限制”的观点。     

INCARCERATION AND POPULATION HEALTH IN WEALTHY DEMOCRACIES*

Everywhere you look, incarceration seems to be doing harm. Research has implicated incarceration not only in worse outcomes for individuals, their families, and their communities but also in growing inequality. Yet incarceration may not always harm society—even if it does harm those who experience it. To consider this possibility, I build an argument demonstrating how the macro‐level consequences of incarceration may be distinctively harmful in the United States, focusing on the incarceration–health relationship as one indicator of a broader phenomenon. I then test my hypothesis by using an unbalanced panel data set including 21 developed democracies (N = 414) and a series of ordinary least‐squares models predicting three measures of population health as a function of incarceration. Models including only a main effect of incarceration demonstrate an inverse association between changes in incarceration and changes in population health. Models including an incarceration by U.S. interaction, however, indicate that the population health consequences of changes in incarceration are far worse in the United States than elsewhere. Taken together, the results indicate that the United States is exceptional for both its rate of incarceration and its effects of incarceration, although it is unclear what drives this exceptionalism in effects.     

How to overcome the cost of a criminal record for getting hired

Many theories emphasize how employment is protective against criminal recidivism, yet a criminal record is a major barrier for getting hired. We asked 591 managers to make hypothetical hiring decisions between two applicants whose key difference was the presence or absence of a criminal conviction. In addition, we randomly manipulated the education, references, wage, or experience of the applicant with the criminal record to identify which manipulations can offset the cost of the record on an applicant's probability of being selected. We found that, when credentials were the same, the applicant with a criminal record was unlikely to be hired. That applicant, however, could become likely to be hired (i.e., the likelihood crossed 50 percent) by having at least 1 year of relevant experience, a GED or a college degree, or references from a former employer or a professor. Incomplete degrees, references from criminal justice professionals, or wage discounts did not make the applicant with the record likely to be hired. Findings confirm that a criminal record carries a high employability cost but also indicate that this cost can be superseded by specific credentials that signal an applicant's reliability, which can be provided by existing programs and institutions.     

刑事审判中民事法律关系处理

刑事审判中民事法律关系处理影响到案件被害人的合法权益能否全部实现,实践中依照刑事附带民事制度一并处理是必须坚持的,但该制度存在不完善之处,应该从程序等方面加以完善,同时要建立与之相配合的民事先诉、国家保障等制度。在民事法律关系处理与刑罚适用的问题上,既要坚持刑法的刚性,也要考虑民事利益最大化满足,一定要以刑法目的的实现为调整前提。     

民事上诉审程序中的利益变动

许多国家和地区的民事诉讼中,上诉利益是上诉的诉讼要件或有效要件之一。在上诉程序中,是否允许变更上诉人利益,也有相应规则的约束和制衡。加之附带上诉制度的平衡作用,形成了上诉利益变与不变的复杂现象。这些法律规则体现了民事诉讼法上的当事人主义与诉讼公平理念。我国民事诉讼法上也应当设置上诉利益要件、不利益变更禁止原则、利益变更禁止原则及附带上诉制度。     

论刑事附带民事诉讼制度的立法完善——寻求利益平衡的途径

刑事附带民事诉讼制度是我国刑事诉讼法的一项重要的法律制度,对于保障公民和国家、集体的财产不受侵犯,维护当事人的合法权益,简化诉讼程序,提高司法效率具有不可替代的作用。但由于现行立法的缺失导致了附带民事诉讼制度存在诸多问题,被害人的权益难以得到实现。刑事诉讼法的再修改应进一步规范民事赔偿范围,也应将精神损害纳入进来。     

对设立附带上诉的冷思考

附带上诉是上诉审程序中平衡双方当事人利益的一个精巧的程序设置.它与处分原则和不利益变更禁止原则有密切的联系.我国现行民事诉讼法中处分原则并没有得到充分贯彻,也没有规定不利益变更禁止原则,二审中当事人的请求对法官审理范围的拘束十分有限,再审程序的规定也有诸多弊端,这些使得附带上诉没有必要.     

Beyond the dichotomy: Incarceration dosage and mental health*

The findings from a growing body of research reveal that incarceration is detrimental for both physical and mental health. Incarceration, however, is typically conceptualized and operationalized as a dichotomy; individuals either have, or have not, been incarcerated. Considering that incarceration can range from one day to several years, a dichotomous measure may be overlooking important variations across lengths of exposure. In addition, most inmates are incarcerated more than once. In this study, we help to fill this gap by examining the relationship between incarceration dosage, measured as time served and number of spells, and mental health among a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997. By using fixed‐effects modeling, we find that the number of spells and the months incarcerated are positively related to mental health symptoms and the likelihood of depression. The association, however, is contingent on whether a respondent is currently or formerly incarcerated. Among current inmates, more time served is expected to improve mental health and the number of spells is unrelated to either outcome.     

曹氏益肾方辨治慢性肾衰竭68例

目的 观察曹氏益肾方治疗慢性肾衰竭（chronic renal failure,CRF）的临床疗效。方法 将128例CRF患者分为治疗组（68例）与对照组（60例）。治疗组服用曹氏益肾方,对照组服用肾衰宁胶囊和包醛氧淀粉胶囊,疗程12周。观察治疗前后两组患者血清肌酐（serum creatinine,SCr）、血尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen,BUN）、胱抑素C(cystatin-C, Cys C)、肾小球滤过率（glomerular filtration rate,GFR）的变化,观察并比较两组临床疗效和中医证候疗效。结果 治疗组的临床疗效和中医证候疗效均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）。 治疗后两组SCr、BUN和CysC水平均显著降低（P＜0.01）,而GFR水平显著升高（P＜0.01）;治疗组在降低SCr、BUN和CysC水平和升高GFR水平方面显著优于对照组（P＜0.01）。两组在治疗期间均未出现药物不良反应。结论 曹氏益肾方对非透析阶段CRF具有显著疗效及良好的安全性。