Dating of Inkpad Seals Using the Extraction Rate Method: Preliminary Findings

Inkpad seals are often placed on important documents, and determining the date when a seal was affixed can be important to assess the authenticity of a document. In this study, three different brands of inkpads and four different types of paper were used to make diachronic samples of the seals. A double‐solvent extraction method was employed to date the inkpad seals by comparing extraction rates with inks of known age. Cyclohexane was selected as a weak solvent, and chlorobenzene was selected as a strong solvent. After testing, curves were created to show the relationship between the extraction percentage of ink and the date of the seals. The experimental results showed that the extraction rate method was applicable for the relative dating of inkpad seals in some cases where the seal was placed on the document within 6 months.     

紫外分光光度法和二阶导数光谱法测定水样中的敌草快

目的建立测定水样中的敌草快的分析方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法和二阶导数光谱法测定水样中的敌草快。结果紫外分光光度法直接测定水样中的敌草快,在0.1~50μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,日内,日间精密度均小于2.6%。二阶导数光谱法在0.1~10μg/mL线性关系良好,日内、日间精密度均小于1.29%。结论该两种方法快速、简单、灵敏,适用于环境监测工作。     

为什么我们没有“新闻法”———反思我国新闻传播立法研究

我国改革开放以来的新闻立法历经30多年至今未果,无论法治社会的内在要求还是传媒领域的现实发展,都表明了迫切的新闻立法诉求。在“新闻法”尚不能出台的众多复杂原因中,学术研究的偏颇却总是被忽略,研究方法的迷失带来学理探讨的浅尝辄止,宏观研究的乏善可陈,以及学科之间的壁垒隔膜。其背后透露出不容回避的学术勇气的不足和技术细节研究的缺乏。基于新闻传播法学理论建设的推进和现实新闻传播立法的需求,应首先在思想和理论上明确：新闻自由是谁的自由,谁可以办报,如何协调采访报道和国家公权力的关系等问题,同时必须关注新闻传播立法技术的研究,如舆论监督的规范体系,为新闻来源保密的规则归属等细节问题。     

刑法解释方法位阶性的质疑

文义解释有诸多局限,需要其他解释方法来印证和检验,因此其并不具有优位性。客观目的解释的功能具有多面性,其仅在目的性缩限时具有绝对优先性,因此不能一概认为其有决定性;主观目的解释仅在提供不处罚的立法资料时具有特殊价值。在刑法解释的商谈、试错过程中,方法的采用有"各取所需"的特点,采用何种解释方法取决于对处罚必要性的判断;解释是一种结果,通常是在结论确定之后再选择解释方法,为法官定罪与否提供"事后注脚";由于司法裁判必须考虑国民的认同感,且要接受后果考察,刑法适用就必须兼顾大量解释方法自身难以涵括的各种复杂因素。因此,如何立足于法条用语的通常含义,将犯罪论体系、规范保护目的、国民的规范认同、处罚必要性等内容一并考虑,并且坚持实践理性,选择对个案最为合适的解释方法,将实质解释的结论限定在特定时代能够接受的范围内,从而平衡好惩罚犯罪和保障人权的关系,是比刑法解释方法的位阶性更为重要的问题。     

Pubic Symphyseal Age Estimation from Three‐Dimensional Reconstructions of Pelvic CT Scans of Live Individuals

Skeletal age estimation using the pubic symphysis is a reliable and popular practice among forensic anthropologists. In instances in which accessing the skeleton is impossible, such as in the case of living individuals, three‐dimensional (3D) reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) scans can be created and analyzed for aspects of the biological profile. This study examined 3D reconstructions of pelvic CT scans of a sample of 44 live adults to estimate age using the Suchey–Brooks J Hum Evol 1990;5(3):227‐38 method. Images were created using OsiriX software (Pixmeo, Geneva, Switzerland). Estimated age ranges based on the 3D‐CT images captured the true age of the individual at the time of the CT scan 79.5% of the time with good intra‐observer reliability. The features best visualized on the 3D images included the ossific nodule and the pubic symphyseal rim. This study shows that clinical CT scanning parameters are adequate for creating 3D images to be analyzed for age using the pubic symphysis.     

GC Analysis of Black Gel Pen Ink Stored under Different Conditions

In many criminal and civil cases in China, the most commonly questioned documents are those written with gel pen ink. An important task for forensic document examiners is to identify whether two or more ink entries in one or more documents were written with the same ink type. The identification of the age of gel ink entries made poses an important and difficult problem for forensic document examiners. In this paper, the volatile components of gel ink were determined and the gel ink was classified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Calibration curves were created to express the relationship between the content of volatile gel ink components and the age of gel ink entries stored under natural and UV‐induced aging conditions. The correspondence between the natural and UV‐induced aging conditions was also established. The experimental results showed that GC was useful in the analysis of black gel ink and applicable for determining the relative age of gel ink entries under certain conditions.     

宪法解释方法的两种传统及其启示

宪法解释的重要性已经得到了普遍的认可,而在宪法解释方法的历史发展中,存在着两大分支:德国传统和美国传统,二者分别以文义解释和原旨主义为主导性解释方法。虽然两种传统有着诸多差异,但从20世纪以来却出现了趋同的倾向,以重视社会学解释方法为集中表现。在两种传统的差异与趋同中,中国宪法解释可以受到多方面的启示,包括回归宪法文本、期待个案发轫、扩展主体范围和重视社会效果等。     

对象即方法：法官事实认定的心理学分析——对苏力“黄碟案”演讲的再思考

语境论、“具体问题具体分析”或者理论联系实际等论证方法的过度运用令人生疑。一是在把握事实方面,自己树立一个假想的靶子进行批判,而三段论的演绎推理或者分析,或因假设前提错误,或因不存在因果关联,而导致结果不能证;二是教条的、无原则的具体分析,借题发挥的普遍联系,因为多走了一步,真理就转化成了谬误。为方法而方法、为批判而批判可能是一种舍本逐末的研究思路。而“对象即方法”的研究思路可能是法官事实认定的心理学分析的一个基本前提。     

Automated evaluation of approximate matching algorithms on real data

Bytewise approximate matching is a relatively new area within digital forensics, but its importance is growing quickly as practitioners are looking for fast methods to screen and analyze the increasing amounts of data in forensic investigations. The essential idea is to complement the use of cryptographic hash functions to detect data objects with bytewise identical representation with the capability to find objects with bytewise similar representations.Unlike cryptographic hash functions, which have been studied and tested for a long time, approximate matching ones are still in their early development stages and evaluation methodology is still evolving. Broadly, prior approaches have used either a human in the loop to manually evaluate the goodness of similarity matches on real world data, or controlled (pseudo-random) data to perform automated evaluation.This work's contribution is to introduce automated approximate matching evaluation on real data by relating approximate matching results to the longest common substring (LCS). Specifically, we introduce a computationally efficient LCS approximation and use it to obtain ground truth on the t5 set. Using the results, we evaluate three existing approximate matching schemes relative to LCS and analyze their performance.     

新《民事证据规定》视角下鉴定人制度定位问题研究

鉴定人角色定位是鉴定人制度中的一个基本问题,它决定着鉴定人的制度设计及鉴定人在诉讼中的权利、义务以及责任的承担。从比较法角度看,英美法系国家的专家证人属于证人,具有党派性的特征。大陆法系国家在鉴定人角色定位问题上有不同的观点。通过梳理发现,这些观点可总结为证据方法说、证据调查说和折衷说三种。在我国,经过民事诉讼立法及相关司法解释的相继出台,鉴定人定位问题的脉络越来越清晰。2019年12月,新《民事证据规定》颁布,鉴定人定位的明晰成为理解、适用新《民事证据规定》鉴定人制度的前提。术语上的届分、内容上的区别是制度完善的基础,"双重属性"下其他专家制度的配套适用也是问题解决的路径。