赠与合同三题

首先 ,《合同法》的颁布并未平息赠与合同究为诺成合同还是实践合同的争论。笔者认为 ,《合同法》第 186条第 1款所指的赠与仅有诺成合同之名 ,却有实践合同之实。与其如此 ,不如直接将其规定为实践合同。这样较符中国的国情 ,而有利于重合同守信用的观念和法律意识的培养和提高 ;该条第 2款所指的赠与显然具有诺成合同之特征。其次 ,该法第 189条关于赠与人损害赔偿之规定的适用范围有待明确。最后 ,受赠人是否应有行为能力之限制 ,则应区别对待。     

评罗尔斯的规则功利主义惩罚思想

罗尔斯在《两种规则概念》一文中 ,提出了一种规则功利主义的混合理论 ,他首先对惩罚的制度层面和实践层面进行区分 ,在此基础上分别从两个层面对惩罚进行证明 ,认为惩罚的制度层面可以用功利主义进行证明 ,实践层面可以用报应主义进行证明。但是 ,由于规则功利主义自身的缺陷 ,以及罗尔斯对传统报应主义、功利主义认识的局限 ,这种调和的努力被证明是失败的。     

Fatal suicidal crossbow injury--the ability to act

We report a case of a 58-year-old man who committed suicide using a modern crossbow. The victim shot himself in the chest with a conical field-tip arrow from close proximity. We first presumed that this was a case of homicide committed with a firearm. We were, however, subsequently proved wrong. The reasons for the primary statement were as follows: the external morphology of the entrance wound being typical of a firearm discharged from long distance; the perforation found on the victim's clothing; the absence of the firearm at the place of death; the absence of the arrow in the wound. All of these reasons forced us initially to conclude that the case was one of homicide. In the reported case, the man, after having been shot with an arrow, was further able to act, even though the abdominal aorta and liver were seriously injured. While the arrow was in the wound, the injuries may not have led to massive bleeding because of incomplete tamponade of the defects by the arrow shaft. Pulling the arrow out of the victim's wound track initiated massive bleeding. Despite all these injuries, the man was capable of pulling the bow string again and reloading the crossbow with the arrow used in the first attempt. This case demonstrates that forensic investigations into crossbow injuries can be very difficult, especially when the bolt has been removed from the body.     

Freedom in paradise: quality of conditional release reports submitted to the Hawaii judiciary

Annually thousands of insanity acquitees are released from mental hospitals when they are no longer determined to be dangerous. This research examined quality of post-acquittal Conditional Release (CR) reports submitted to the Hawaii Judiciary. Hawaii utilizes a “three panel” system for assessing trial felony competency, criminal responsibility, and conditional release, where typically two psychologists (one Department of Health and one community-based) and one community-based psychiatrist submit independent reports to the Court. One hundred fifty CR reports were rated using a 44-item report quality measure. Interrater reliability trials indicated good to excellent agreement between quality ratings. Overall level of report quality was poor regardless of examiners' professional discipline, employer, or board certification status. Concordance rates for CR opinions were poor. Level of agreement between the judicial determination and majority recommendations was also poor. Reasons for the poor quality and level of agreement are discussed with recommendations for report quality improvement, including standardization of procedures and use of forensic risk assessment instruments.     

警察行政行为的司法控制探讨

我国大陆地区的警察行政行为,在其重要程序环节中基本不受其它公权力的制约,具有相当的＂自主性＂,这极易造成警察行政权力与公民权利的失衡状态。对此,要通过检察机关签发令状的令状制度,对警察的行政强制措施进行控制;通过法院行使行政处罚裁决权的处罚司法化,对警察的行政处罚行为予以控制。     

诈骗罪中的处分行为

诈骗罪中的处分行为是没有记载的构成要件要素,是区分盗窃罪和诈骗罪的关键。处分行为,是指被害人基于认识错误而“自愿”地交付财物或处分财产性利益的行为。诈骗罪的成立需要有处分意思,但是,作为处分行为的主观要件,被骗者应当认识到何种程度,即处分意思究竟包括哪些内容便有待探讨。处分意思的内容要求财产处分者对所处分的财产性质、种类、数量、价值有完全的认识,还是只要认识到财产的外形的转移即可,抑或只要具有某种中间形态的认识内容即可？其实,只要被骗者认识到自己的行为是把某种财产转移给对方占有,而根据自己的“自由”意思作出这种决定,就应当认为已经具备了处分意思的内容。     

嫖宿幼女罪再思考——一种国际公约的视角

嫖宿幼女罪自其设立之时就在学者中间存有争议,近年来发生的几起影响较大的嫖宿幼女案,更将争论推向社会各界。在这些争论中,更多的意见是废除嫖宿幼女罪,将嫖宿幼女并人奸淫幼女,以强奸罪论处。从国际公约的视角来看,嫖宿幼女罪的罪名确属不当,然而,将嫖宿幼女合并于奸淫幼女的意见也值得商确,事实上也难以实现。综合考虑各种因素,建议废除嫖宿幼女罪,将嫖宿幼女当作强迫幼女卖淫,以强迫卖淫罪论处。     

论恶意诉讼的认定标准

恶意诉讼是指在民事诉讼领域内,行为人为了追求不法目的以合法形式提起诉讼从而损害他人合法权利的行为。恶意诉讼作为侵权行为的一种,与一般侵权行为相比有其特殊性,其认定标准包括以下几个方面：第一,恶意诉讼行为是被受理的起诉行为;第二,恶意诉讼是通过合法形式起诉以达非法目的的行为;第三,恶意诉讼行为人诉讼请求最终没有得到人民法院的支持;第四,原告的恶意诉讼行为使被告造成了损害。     

《侵权责任法》视野下的纯粹经济损失问题研究

纯粹经济损失问题在我国的研究较晚,尽管近几年来出现了不少与之相关的案例,各界依然没有对其产生足够的重视,然而时代的发展与公众意识的觉醒对个体权益的保护提出了更高的要求,该问题终于进入公众视野。我国《民法通则》由于颁布时间相对较早,其对纯粹经济损失问题的指导意义掺入了学者很多推理和猜测的成分,虽勉强说得过去,但毕竟与立法原意无太多关联,直到《侵权责任法》出台,理论界对纯粹经济损失的讨论才真正有了着力点。     

授益行政行为与专利权保护研究

依据专利法等特定法律,专利制度通过授予发明人对发明享有的独占权来保护、鼓励发明创造,进而推动科技进步和经济发展。完整意义上的专利权保护,除事后的侵权救济和违法惩处之外,还应该涵盖新技术的发明创造到其获得专利权后将之市场化应用于社会生产等阶段,确保创新主体顺利获得专利权并实施或转让其专利技术,也即专利权的事前保护。授益行政行为在专利权的事前保护方面可以起到注重提供事后救济的负担性行政行为以及司法措施所无法替代的重要作用,而我国现行专利权保护体系在授益行政行为方面却存在着严重的缺失,本文针对这些缺失,就几类典型的授益行政行为,提出了具体的完善建议。