法律逻辑：回顾与展望

法律逻辑的历史大致分为三个阶段：第一阶段主要是建立以传统逻辑或一阶逻辑内容为框架的法律逻辑体系,并将这些理论广泛地运用于法律思维领域之中;第二阶段主要是从法律适用问题的研究扩展到了法律发现或获取问题的研究;第三阶段主要是对事实发现、法律获取、诉讼主张与裁决证成的规律、规则与方法进行系统的研究,逐渐地建立以事实推理、法律推理、判决推理与法律论证理论为主要内容的不同于传统逻辑与一阶逻辑框架的法律逻辑体系,并将这些理论应用于事实的发现、法律的获取、诉讼主张与裁决的证立之中。     

论我国证据规则的改革方向与相关证据制度构建的几点设想

完善与证据规则相关证据制度,一是实行对使用科学技术手段侦破刑事案件的激励制度,以扩大科学证据在刑事侦查过程中的应用范围;二是实行“侦鉴分离”、“勘鉴分离”的证据收集、认定制度;三是实行完善“专家证人”制度。     

书证搜集裁判:模式比较与本土改造

引入两大法系共通的书证搜集裁判,有利于解决我国当事人提交书证能力不足的现实问题。在裁判模式上,大陆法系和美国在基本问题上达成共识,其书证搜集裁判的适用范围大致相似,并且裁判本身都在解决纠纷过程中发挥决定作用。在裁判效果上,妨碍书证搜集的一方应当在不同情况下分别于证据、事实、请求和程序层面承担不利后果。从现有制度出发,法院依申请取证制度应当引入比较法上书证类型的共识并且区分法官的裁判义务事项和自由裁量事项,同时从条件和过程两方面控制法官的裁量权,强调以裁判的形式加以保障。我国《证据规定》第75条正是书证搜集裁判的现行法基础,有必要重塑和细化其规范要件,并且建构层次清晰的裁判效果体系。     

Drug Films,Justice, and Nationhood 1

This paper examines how drug traffickers, enforcement, nationhood, and space are represented in illegal drug films. Drawing from a sample of films produced in the United States between 1916 and 2005, this paper examines several drug films in order to explore how past and contemporary films on illegal drugs reflect conventional ideologies about law and order, the nation, and imperialism. Censorship and illegal drug films that challenge and rupture conventional ideologies will also be discussed.     

中美非法证据排除规则的规制与适用比较研究——兼析我国“非法证据排除第一案”

美国非法证据排除规则的内涵是,警察在调查取证时,如果违反宪法第四修正案（免于非法搜查）、第五修正案（不得自证其罪）以及第六修正案（获得律师帮助）所保障的宪法基本权利,获得的证据将不会被法院所采用。美国法院还进一步创设了“毒树之果”、“米兰达规则”以及相应限制规则,实现了对该规则的双向规制。我国新修订的刑事诉讼法以成文法形式规定了非法证据排除规则,从立法层面来看,我国并没有完全吸收其宪法基本权利的保障内涵;从适用层面来看,我国法院适用得当,但是说理不足,使该规则并不具有法定可预期性。加强非法证据排除规则的宪法理论研究是更好实施该规则的前提。     

证据开示制度：庭审实质化的必然路径

庭审对抗模式无疑是1996年刑事诉讼法修改增加的一个突出亮点,然而庭审真正实质化的有效途径必须通过证据开示制度来保障实现。证据开示制度在促进真实发现、保障被追诉者辩护权、实现程序公正以及提高诉讼效率等诸多方面发挥着重要价值。在刑事诉讼法再修改之时,须从证据开示的原则、时间、主体、范围以及对违背开示义务方的制裁等方面加以规制来构建我国刑事诉讼中理性的证据开示制度,以期实现庭审实质化改造的初衷。     

防卫致死不负刑事责任应如何把握——兼论我国传统四要件犯罪构成体系的修正与完善

传统刑法理论中犯罪构成只包含积极的构成要件,并将成立正当防卫与符合犯罪构成置于相互对立的地位,不利于分析、判断具体犯罪的成立与否。其实,正当防卫并不排斥事先做好防范、准备的情形,在防卫行为中亦可并存有伤害的意思。借鉴德日刑法学递进式＂三阶层犯罪构成体系＂理论,结合我国刑事立法和司法实践,应该将正当防卫、紧急避险等排除犯罪性的行为（违法阻却事由）和刑法第十三条＂但书＂情节并列作为消极要件纳入我国的犯罪构成要件。     

Entomological identification of the post-mortem colonization of wolf cadavers in different decomposition stages

Human-driven biodiversity loss is progressively becoming a problem with dramatic consequences for the conservation of vital ecosystems. The increasing number of illegal killings of the grey wolf (Canis lupus, Linnaeus, 1758), a threatened species, displays the need for investigation and prosecution of such offences. Forensic entomology makes use of the knowledge about necrophagous insects to estimate a minimum time-since-death interval of the deceased person or animal, which can give important information on a possible perpetrator. The cadaver fauna along five decomposition stages of wolves in Germany was investigated in the period 2014–2021. The insects from 70 wolf cadavers, originating from all over Germany, were provided by the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin. The accumulated degree day (ADD) model was applied for the post-mortem interval estimation on wolf cadavers for the first time. A total of 20 coleopteran species and 14 different dipteran species were discovered and identified. Almost 99 % of all insect specimens were from the order of Diptera, and beetles (Coleoptera) accounted for only 1 % of the cadaver fauna. The blowflies (Calliphoridae) are of particular importance for forensic issues, accounting for about 66 % of all families. Carrion beetles (Silphidae) were found as the second most abundant family (about 21 %). In addition, combining all cases, a steadily increasing insect species richness S was detected from early decay to advanced decay (fresh S = 8; bloated S = 12; active decay S = 21; advanced decay S = 34). In the following remains stage, the species number decreased again (S = 24). However, no significant difference in the number of species was found between the stages of decay when the cases were considered individually. The temporal pattern of insect appearance was found to be congruent with those of previous studies. Furthermore, a time of death was determined for each case and compared to the pathologist's estimates. This study provides insights into the arthropod fauna of wolf remains for the first time, applies the ADD-Model for post-mortem interval estimation, and discusses the suitability of forensic entomology for wildlife death investigations.     

恶意透支型信用卡诈骗罪相关问题分析简

恶意透支型信用卡诈骗罪具有区别于传统型信用卡诈骗罪的显著特征和特有的犯罪构成要件。在犯罪主体上,其属于身份犯,信用卡申领人方具有犯罪主体资格,借用人不能单独构成该类型犯罪;恶意透支型信用卡诈骗罪非法占有目的的推定需要综合行为人的各种行为加以考察,不能客观归罪,也不能仅以发卡行催收后拒不归还来推定主观上的非法占有目的;发卡行催收行为的实施应自透支期限届满后以有效的方式能够确使申领人知晓为标准;行为人的透支数额不应包括其应支付的利息,对于行为人利用多张信用卡宴旒酌潘古行为苴潘古射枥酌计笪廊当i并行累加．