中国法学向何处去(下)——对苏力“本土资源论”的批判

1978年至2004年,中国法学在取得很大成就的同时也暴露出了它的问题,而它的根本问题就是未能为评价、批判和指引中国法制发展提供作为理论判准和方向的“中国法律理想图景”。这是一个没有中国法律理想图景的法学时代。据此,要对“中国为什么会缺失中国自己的法律理想图景”这个理论论题给出回答,并对中国法学这一时代进行“总体性”的反思和批判。较为具体地讲,采用经过界定的“范式”分析概念,对中国法学中四种不同甚或存有冲突的理论模式即“权利本位论”、“法条主义”、“本土资源论”和“法律文化论”进行了深入探究。中国法学之所以无力引领中国法制发展,实是因为它们都受一种“现代化范式”的支配,而这种“范式”不仅间接地为中国法制发展提供了一幅“西方法律理想图景”,而且还使中国法学论者意识不到他们所提供的不是中国自己的“法律理想图景”;同时,这种占支配地位的“现代化范式”因无力解释和解决因其自身的作用而产生的各种问题,最终导致了作者所谓的“范式”危机。正是在批判“现代化范式”的基础上,我们必须结束这个受“西方现代性范式”支配的法学旧时代,开启一个自觉研究“中国法律理想图景”的法学新时代。     

Knowledge transfer to emerging markets via consulting projects

In recent years, development agencies (DAs) have focused their activities on consulting projects rather than on financing turnkey projects when assisting emerging markets. The main reason is that the implementation of consulting projects is likely to be connected with an intensive knowledge transfer from developed to emerging markets. Training of local employees and cooperation with local firms are necessary elements to make the transfer effective. The empirical statistics shows training and cooperation to be more frequent in consulting projects financed by DAs as compared to commercial projects. According to theory and experience, training should be included in projects in the least developed host countries, whereas local cooperation should be more frequent, the higher is the development level of the host country. However, DAs do not follow these rules of thumb in a convincing way. A policy implication of the paper is therefore that DAs should better organize and plan the contents of their consulting projects.

丰富环境对脑梗死大鼠梗死灶周围血管内皮生长因子受体的影响

目的:研究丰富环境对大鼠局灶性脑梗死后梗死灶周围血管内皮生长因子受体的影响.方法:采用开颅电凝法制作SD大鼠右侧大脑中动脉缺血(MCAO)模型,术后第24小时随机分为丰富环境(EE)组和标准环境(SE)组.以免疫组织化学法检测血管内皮生长因子受体Flt-1及Flk-1的表达.结果:大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞后,缺血区神经元变性、坏死,Flt-1和Flk-1在缺血周边区表达明显增加,经丰富环境干预后,血管内皮生长因子受体表达大量增加.结论:丰富环境可促使血管内皮生长因子受体表达上调,进而促进微血管新生,有利于脑损伤修复.     

21世纪中国地方政府在中韩关系中的作用

随着中国改革开放的深入和中韩关系的发展,中国地方政府开始在中韩关系中发挥日益重大的作用。本文以山东省、上海市、广东省、湖北省为案例,分析了21世纪中国地方政府在中韩关系中的作用。这种作用体现为以下三个方面：中国地方政府与韩国的经贸关系为中韩关系发展注入了强大的经济动力;中国地方政府与韩国的外事活动为中韩关系发展奠定了坚实的政治基础;中国地方政府与韩国的文化交流为中韩关系发展营造了友好的民意支撑。展望未来的中韩关系,本文得出的相关政策启示在于：对于中国地方政府而言,要为韩国企业入驻创造良好的投资环境;对于中国中央政府而言。需要给予地方政府在发展中韩关系中适当的授权和分权;对于韩国政府而言,需要积极应对中国经济发展方式的重大转变;2012年韩国丽水世博会将是进一步密切中国地方政府与韩国关系的重要契机。     

宁波市地方卫生立法的现状研究

宁波市是国务院批准的具有地方立法权的较大的市。近年来为了促进地方卫生事业的发展,保障人民健康权益,宁波市不断推进地方卫生立法工作,取得了较为突出的成效。本文通过对宁波地方卫生立法的类型进行分析,归纳了宁波市地方卫生立法的特点,宁波市地方卫生立法体现了＂以人为本,立法为民＂,体现了前瞻性和创新性,体现了区域特殊性和相对独立性,并且在实施过程中取得了明显的成效。     

创新持续到创新深化:地方政府治理创新能力构建的关键要素

在推进国家治理能力和治理体系现代化的进程中,地方政府治理创新能力的构建至关重要,从关注“创新持续”到“创新深化”视角的转化,正是体现地方政府治理创新能力发生着深刻的重构。论文以创新持续到创新深化的内生化理论模型为基础,识别五个创新深化的核心要素,即组织创新文化、多元主体嵌入、技术嵌入便捷性、创新模块开放性、领导者赋能,并选取地方政府创新奖中西北地区的十个案例,运用定性比较分析,探索并验证核心要素的多重并发因果路径。论文研究表明,五个核心要素在领导者赋能为基础条件下,形成创新文化型创新、模块嵌套型创新、外在嵌入型创新三种创新路径模式。     

‘Municipal entrepreneurs’: local politicians and the delivery of urban sanitation in Kumasi,Ghana

ABSTRACT

The municipal government in Kumasi has been the focus of numerous reforms to improve local policymaking and delivery of public goods to the city’s dwellers. Yet, the reforms have spurred strategic reactions from local actors who exploit institutional ambiguities to pursue their interests. This paper draws on empirical data on the city’s sanitation franchising to show how ordinary local politicians exploit reform ambiguities; they establish themselves as local entrepreneurs to deliver urban sanitation services and also contest the municipal executive. The manipulations do not only undermine reforms proffered by the regime and external actors but the municipal government’s promise to deliver efficient public services also becomes problematic. Management of urban sanitation is a contested arena between bureaucrats and political actors all vying for their interests. The sanitation reforms are eventually subsumed under the ‘local politics as usual’ logic.     

Brain Fluid Content Related to Body Position and Postmortem Interval – An Animal Model

Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were euthanized and placed in a horizontal or vertical (head‐down) position at room temperature, after which brain fluid content was measured by a moisture analysis technique at variable time points. No significant difference in brain fluid content was observed between horizontal and vertical postmortem positions. A significant increase in brain fluid content was demonstrated 3, 6, and 24 h after death, with maximal fluid content observed at 24 h. Specifically, the brain fluid content of control animals was 77.79 ± 0.36%, increasing to 80.05 ± 0.22% at 24 h (p < 0.0001). This study has demonstrated no significant differences in brain fluid content related to postmortem position, suggesting that a head‐down position is not associated with increased brain fluid content or swelling. However, significant temporal increases in brain fluid content after death, most likely related to cerebral liquefaction, occur.     

大鼠早期缺血心肌中Basigin mRNA的表达

目的检测Basigin mRNA在大鼠早期缺血心肌和非缺血区心肌中的表达差异及探讨其法医学意义。方法建立大鼠早期心肌缺血手术模型,分为EIM组、NIM组、假手术组以及空白对照组,采用real-time PCR方法检测大鼠心肌缺血后15min、30min、1h和2h Basigin mRNA的表达量。结果与NIM组、假手术组及空白组相比,EIM组BSG mRNA表达量在缺血15min时降低,而冠状动脉结扎1h后表达量降低到SO组的一半,此时具有统计学差异(P0.05),结扎2h后表达量恢复至SO组水平。NIM组、SO组和空白对照组之间表达量无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论心肌急性缺血2小时内BSG mRNA表达降低明显,之后升高,说明BSG参与早期缺血心肌自我保护病理生理过程,提示BSG可用于鉴定早期心肌缺血。     

大鼠脑损伤后EPO及其受体表达与损伤时间的关系

目的研究大鼠脑损伤后脑组织中促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)及其受体(erythropoietin receptor,EPOR)的表达与损伤时间的关系。方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为对照组(36只)、脑损伤组(36只),在建模后1、2、4、8、12、24 h每组各取6只大鼠处死,取挫伤部位脑组织,应用实时荧光定量PCR和Western印迹法检测不同时间点EPO以及EPOR的mRNA表达和蛋白表达情况。结果伤后24h内,EPO及EPOR的表达随损伤时间的增加而呈上升趋势。EPO的mRNA及蛋白表达与损伤时间之间存在相关性,其相关系数分别为0.875、0.911(P0.05);EPOR的mRNA及蛋白表达与损伤时间之间存在相关性,其相关系数分别为0.936、0.905(P0.05)。结论大鼠颅脑损伤早期EPO及EPOR的表达呈逐步上升趋势,与损伤时间具有相关性,可以作为脑损伤时间推断的参考。